“Let us return for a moment to Lady Lovelace’s objection, which stated that the machine can only do what we tell it to do. One could say that a man can "inject" an idea into the machine, and that it will respond to a certain extent and then drop into quiescence, like a piano string struck by a hammer. Another simile would be an atomic pile of less than critical size: an injected idea is to correspond to a neutron entering the pile from without. Each such neutron will cause a certain disturbance which eventually dies away. If, however, the size of the pile is sufficiently increased, the disturbance caused by such an incoming neutron will very likely go on and on increasing until the whole pile is destroyed. Is there a corresponding phenomenon for minds, and is there one for machines? There does seem to be one for the human mind. The majority of them seem to be "sub critical," i.e. to correspond in this analogy to piles of sub-critical size. An idea presented to such a mind will on average give rise to less than one idea in reply. A smallish proportion are supercritical. An idea presented to such a mind may give rise to a whole "theory" consisting of secondary, tertiary and more remote ideas. Animals’ minds seem to be very definitely sub-critical. Adhering to this analogy we ask, "Can a machine be made to be super-critical?”
― Computing machinery and intelligence
― Computing machinery and intelligence
“Potremmo anche immaginare una macchina calcolatrice che viene fatta lavorare con una memoria basata sui libri. Non sarebbe molto facile, ma immensamente preferibile a un singolo lungo nastro. Per pura ipotesi supponiamo che le difficoltà implicite nell'uso di libri come memoria siano superate, cioè che si riesca a sviluppare gli artifici meccanici necessari per trovare il libro giusto, aprirlo alla pagina giusta e così via, imitando l'azione delle mani e degli occhi umani. Non si può girare una pagina molto velocemente senza strapparla, e se gli spostamenti dovessero essere numerosi e veloci, l'energia richiesta sarebbe molto grande. Se muovessimo un libro ogni millisecondo e ciascuno fosse mosso di dieci metri e pesasse 200 grammi, e se ogni volta l'energia cinetica fosse dispersa senza recupero, dovremmo consumare 10^10 watt, pari a circa la metà del consumo di energia della nazione. Per avere una macchina davvero veloce, allora, dobbiamo tenere la nostra informazione, o almeno una parte di questa, in una forma più accessibile di quella che può essere ottenuta con i libri. Sembra che questo risultato possa essere ottenuto solo al prezzo di sacrificare compattezza d economia, cioè tagliando le pagine dal libro e presentando ciascuna a un meccanismo di lettura separato. Alcuni dei metodi di memorizzazione che sono sviluppati ai giorni nostri non si allontanano molto da questo modello.”
― Mechanical Intelligence: Collected Works of A.M. Turing
― Mechanical Intelligence: Collected Works of A.M. Turing
“The isolated man does not develop any intellectual power. It is necessary for him to be immersed in an environment of other men, whose techniques he absorbs during the first twenty years of his life. He may then perhaps do a little research of his own and make a very few discoveries which are passed on to other men. From this point of view the search for new techniques must be regarded as carried out by the human community as a whole, rather than by individuals.”
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“The popular view that scientists proceed inexorably from well-established fact to well-established fact, never being influenced by any unproved conjecture, is quite mistaken. Provided it is made clear which are proved facts and which are conjectures, no harm can result. Conjectures are of great importance since they suggest useful lines of research.”
― Alan Turing: The Enigma
― Alan Turing: The Enigma
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