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The scale of population by introducing conceptual baseline using population thought experiments (similar to the charts around page 23), he demonstrates that the sheer number of people who could live in the future dwarfs everyone who has ever lived. If we survive our current technological bottlenecks, future generations could number in the trillions.

Humanity is in its Infancy: MacAskill begins by contrasting our 5,000 years of written history against the deep time of the future. Because mammalian species typically last about 1 million years, and humanity could potentially endure for hundreds of millions of years, our civilization is at a very early, highly malleable stage.

in first chapter LONGVIEW he setups the case for modern people which is obviously many critique called expected value calculation, which is the deep future can lead to counterintuitive conclusions (such as prioritizing astronomical future populations over pressing, concrete suffering happening right now). He took three metaphors first one is taking humanity now as imprudent somewhat short-term thrills

William MacAskill a british philosopher and Ethicist, wrote a foundational book on the idea of LongTermism, the idea that positively influencing the long-term future is the key moral priority of our time.
What do we owe to people who don't exist?. He argues that the future civilization could contain an enormous number of people, potentially billions or even trillions over the course of civilization.