Kenneth Kee's Blog
January 31, 2012
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
DOC I HAVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system with recurrent episodes of neurologic
dysfunction disconnected in time and space and associated with evidence of demyelination of the central nervous system.
It affects the patient in different areas of the nervous system at various points in time.
What causes Multiple Sclerosis?
The cause is unknown but believed to be related to an auto immune disease resulting from a viral infection.
Multiple sclerosis results in destruction of the myelin surrounding the nerves of the CNS. The destruction is thought to be
caused by the body's immune system attacking the myelin sheath disrupting the transmission of information in the CNS and
lead to the symptoms seen in multiple sclerosis.
1.In Multiple Sclerosis, there is multiple scattered greying well defined lesions from few small mm size to few cm in size
present in the white matter and extending to the grey matter of the brain.
2.The lesions vary from partial to complete destruction of the myelin sheath with relative sparing of the axon , glia and
other structure.
Who is at risk of Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple Sclerosis occurs between 20 to 50 years old.
It is more common in Northern Europeans.
Women are affected 2 times more than men.
Triggers that can cause the onset of MS are:
infections
trauma
surgery
emotional upset,
stress
pregnancy
What are the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
The typical symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis are multiple and variable which explains its name.
There may be mild cases which may not need treatment or severe cases which need confinement to wheelchairs.
There is a typical course of exacerbations and remissions over a peroid of years and increased residual neurological deficit
1.impairment of vision is usually an early sign of MS
2.diplopia can occur with optic neuritis
3.unsteady gait due to the effect of the disease on the cerebellum which control balance and co-ordination
4.paresthesia or tingling sensation in the fingers and toes
5.weakness of the muscles leading to hemiplegia
6.facial paresis, vertigo and hearing loss
7.seizures when foci in the brain are over stimulated
8.Constipation and urinary incontinence may also occur as a result of the weakened muscles
9.one peculiar trait is that higher temperatures aggravate the symptoms in MS patients. Nerve conduction at higher
temperature such as a hot shower cause the slowing in the transmission of messages in nerves that have already lost myelin.
How is the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis made?
The diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis is difficult and involve
1.History of a multiple symptoms involving the nervous system
2.physical and neurological examinations for peripheral neurological deficit.
3.blood count and chemistry, urine analysis are all routine laboratory tests used to rule out other diagnoses
4.Cerebral spinal fluid evaluation may show mild mononuclear pleocytosis (less than 40 cells per cubic meter, protein normal
or increased and high gamma globulin IgG.
5.MRI can search for changes within the brain or spinal cord that are particular to multiple sclerosis.
What are the complications for Multiple Sclerosis ?
1.Weakness of the muscles leading to hemiplegia
2.spasticity of the muscles with rigidity and cramps
3.Poor co-ordination and imbalance
4.urinary and bladder problems
5.visual loss and pain suggesting optic neuritis , an inflammation of the eyeball
What is the treatment for Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple Sclerosis cannot be cured but can be suppressed:
Supportive measures
1.Bed rest
2.Proper diet and nutrition to strengthen the muscles of the body
3.physiotherapy to strengthen muscles
4.occupational therapy to help stimulate the mind
5.Speech therapy for speech and awallowing
6.social support
7.Avoid triggers
Medications:
1.Glatiramer acetate is able to reduce the relapse rates of multiple sclerosis by about one-third and appears to reduce the
overall progression of multiple sclerosis
2.Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to white blood cells which are thought to play a role in causing the
nervous system damage in multiple sclerosis. It also reduces the rates of relapses of MS by two thirds.
3.Fingolimod is a daily oral medication to treat MS by reducing the number of lymphocytes which is believe to cause
inflammation in MS.
4.Interferon which are anti-viral agents has found to reduce relapses of MS by one third.
What is the prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
5.Previous treatment used to be ACTH injections and corticosteroids. These are are seldom used.
What is the prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
MS is unfortunately still not curable at this time.
Most patients about 65 % with the relapsing and remitting form may improve to a stage where relapses are very much reduced.
Unfortunately they continue to have more disabling symptoms or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
15% become worse with progressive relapses.
10% has primary progressive MS with no remissions in between.
Death usually results from pneumonia and heart trouble.
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system with recurrent episodes of neurologic
dysfunction disconnected in time and space and associated with evidence of demyelination of the central nervous system.
It affects the patient in different areas of the nervous system at various points in time.
What causes Multiple Sclerosis?
The cause is unknown but believed to be related to an auto immune disease resulting from a viral infection.
Multiple sclerosis results in destruction of the myelin surrounding the nerves of the CNS. The destruction is thought to be
caused by the body's immune system attacking the myelin sheath disrupting the transmission of information in the CNS and
lead to the symptoms seen in multiple sclerosis.
1.In Multiple Sclerosis, there is multiple scattered greying well defined lesions from few small mm size to few cm in size
present in the white matter and extending to the grey matter of the brain.
2.The lesions vary from partial to complete destruction of the myelin sheath with relative sparing of the axon , glia and
other structure.
Who is at risk of Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple Sclerosis occurs between 20 to 50 years old.
It is more common in Northern Europeans.
Women are affected 2 times more than men.
Triggers that can cause the onset of MS are:
infections
trauma
surgery
emotional upset,
stress
pregnancy
What are the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
The typical symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis are multiple and variable which explains its name.
There may be mild cases which may not need treatment or severe cases which need confinement to wheelchairs.
There is a typical course of exacerbations and remissions over a peroid of years and increased residual neurological deficit
1.impairment of vision is usually an early sign of MS
2.diplopia can occur with optic neuritis
3.unsteady gait due to the effect of the disease on the cerebellum which control balance and co-ordination
4.paresthesia or tingling sensation in the fingers and toes
5.weakness of the muscles leading to hemiplegia
6.facial paresis, vertigo and hearing loss
7.seizures when foci in the brain are over stimulated
8.Constipation and urinary incontinence may also occur as a result of the weakened muscles
9.one peculiar trait is that higher temperatures aggravate the symptoms in MS patients. Nerve conduction at higher
temperature such as a hot shower cause the slowing in the transmission of messages in nerves that have already lost myelin.
How is the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis made?
The diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis is difficult and involve
1.History of a multiple symptoms involving the nervous system
2.physical and neurological examinations for peripheral neurological deficit.
3.blood count and chemistry, urine analysis are all routine laboratory tests used to rule out other diagnoses
4.Cerebral spinal fluid evaluation may show mild mononuclear pleocytosis (less than 40 cells per cubic meter, protein normal
or increased and high gamma globulin IgG.
5.MRI can search for changes within the brain or spinal cord that are particular to multiple sclerosis.
What are the complications for Multiple Sclerosis ?
1.Weakness of the muscles leading to hemiplegia
2.spasticity of the muscles with rigidity and cramps
3.Poor co-ordination and imbalance
4.urinary and bladder problems
5.visual loss and pain suggesting optic neuritis , an inflammation of the eyeball
What is the treatment for Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple Sclerosis cannot be cured but can be suppressed:
Supportive measures
1.Bed rest
2.Proper diet and nutrition to strengthen the muscles of the body
3.physiotherapy to strengthen muscles
4.occupational therapy to help stimulate the mind
5.Speech therapy for speech and awallowing
6.social support
7.Avoid triggers
Medications:
1.Glatiramer acetate is able to reduce the relapse rates of multiple sclerosis by about one-third and appears to reduce the
overall progression of multiple sclerosis
2.Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to white blood cells which are thought to play a role in causing the
nervous system damage in multiple sclerosis. It also reduces the rates of relapses of MS by two thirds.
3.Fingolimod is a daily oral medication to treat MS by reducing the number of lymphocytes which is believe to cause
inflammation in MS.
4.Interferon which are anti-viral agents has found to reduce relapses of MS by one third.
What is the prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
5.Previous treatment used to be ACTH injections and corticosteroids. These are are seldom used.
What is the prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis?
MS is unfortunately still not curable at this time.
Most patients about 65 % with the relapsing and remitting form may improve to a stage where relapses are very much reduced.
Unfortunately they continue to have more disabling symptoms or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
15% become worse with progressive relapses.
10% has primary progressive MS with no remissions in between.
Death usually results from pneumonia and heart trouble.
January 29, 2012
HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA
DOC I HAVE HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA
What is Huntington's Chorea?
Huntington's Chorea is a progressive degenrative disease affecting basal ganglia characterized by choeiform movements (movements such as writhing, twisting, and turning in a constant, uncontrollable dancing motion) and mental deterioration.
What causes Huntington's Chorea?
The cause is believed to be genetic with autosomal dominance transmission from parent to offspring with full penetrance.
In Huntington's Chorea, there is widespread degeneration changes with cell loss and reactive gliosis mainly in the cerebral cortex (thinking and perception), basal ganglia (balance) and caudate nucleus (co-ordination).
There is the belief that the deficiency of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cells may have contribute to the impairment of the nerve cells.
Who is at risk of Huntington's Chorea?
Huntington's Chorea affects sexes in equal numbers.
It is an inherited condition. On average 50 per cent of children of the sufferers will be affected.
What are the symptoms of Huntington's Chorea?
The typical course of Huntington's Chorea usually appear between 30 to 45 years but may be earlier or later.
1.choreiform movements (movements such as writhing, twisting, and turning in a constant, uncontrollable dancing motion )
2.emotional disturbance with mental changes
3.cognitive impairment
4.mood swings with inertia followed by irritability
5.apathy
6.anger
7.depression
8.delusion and hallucinations
9.The speech can become slurred and vital functions, such as eating, speaking, swallowing and especially walking, begin to decline.
10.All the above may occur to varying degree but rate of progression is generally parallel.
How is the diagnosis of Huntington's Chorea made?
The diagnosis of Huntington's Chorea involve:
1.Typical history of choreiform movements,emotional and mental impairment with family history.
2.physical and neurological examinations for brain neurological deficit.
3.CT scan or MRI may show selective atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen. In addition there are enlargement of fluid-filled cavities within the brain called ventricles. These tests do not completely differentiate Huntingson's Chorea from other conditions such as dementia but they will together with the choreiform movements,emotional and mental impairment point towards Huntingdon's chorea.
What are the complications for Huntington's Chorea ?
1.Progression of nerve involvement to whole body with paralysis
2.Dementia may gradually result from mental impairment
What is the treatment for Huntington's Chorea?
The is no cure for Huntington's Chorea but symptomatic control of choreiform movements and delusions with haliperidol or clonazepam may help.
Proper nutrition , fluids and exercise will help the patient to stay healthy and fit.
As the condition progress hospitalization or institutional care (such as nursing homes) is usually indicated.
Genetic counseling is important for treatment and prevention of
Huntington's Chorea.
What is the prognosis of Huntington's Chorea?
Except for a few cases there is a relentless progression to death.
Death usually occurs in 10 to 15 years although the course may more acute or prolonged.
What is Huntington's Chorea?
Huntington's Chorea is a progressive degenrative disease affecting basal ganglia characterized by choeiform movements (movements such as writhing, twisting, and turning in a constant, uncontrollable dancing motion) and mental deterioration.
What causes Huntington's Chorea?
The cause is believed to be genetic with autosomal dominance transmission from parent to offspring with full penetrance.
In Huntington's Chorea, there is widespread degeneration changes with cell loss and reactive gliosis mainly in the cerebral cortex (thinking and perception), basal ganglia (balance) and caudate nucleus (co-ordination).
There is the belief that the deficiency of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cells may have contribute to the impairment of the nerve cells.
Who is at risk of Huntington's Chorea?
Huntington's Chorea affects sexes in equal numbers.
It is an inherited condition. On average 50 per cent of children of the sufferers will be affected.
What are the symptoms of Huntington's Chorea?
The typical course of Huntington's Chorea usually appear between 30 to 45 years but may be earlier or later.
1.choreiform movements (movements such as writhing, twisting, and turning in a constant, uncontrollable dancing motion )
2.emotional disturbance with mental changes
3.cognitive impairment
4.mood swings with inertia followed by irritability
5.apathy
6.anger
7.depression
8.delusion and hallucinations
9.The speech can become slurred and vital functions, such as eating, speaking, swallowing and especially walking, begin to decline.
10.All the above may occur to varying degree but rate of progression is generally parallel.
How is the diagnosis of Huntington's Chorea made?
The diagnosis of Huntington's Chorea involve:
1.Typical history of choreiform movements,emotional and mental impairment with family history.
2.physical and neurological examinations for brain neurological deficit.
3.CT scan or MRI may show selective atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen. In addition there are enlargement of fluid-filled cavities within the brain called ventricles. These tests do not completely differentiate Huntingson's Chorea from other conditions such as dementia but they will together with the choreiform movements,emotional and mental impairment point towards Huntingdon's chorea.
What are the complications for Huntington's Chorea ?
1.Progression of nerve involvement to whole body with paralysis
2.Dementia may gradually result from mental impairment
What is the treatment for Huntington's Chorea?
The is no cure for Huntington's Chorea but symptomatic control of choreiform movements and delusions with haliperidol or clonazepam may help.
Proper nutrition , fluids and exercise will help the patient to stay healthy and fit.
As the condition progress hospitalization or institutional care (such as nursing homes) is usually indicated.
Genetic counseling is important for treatment and prevention of
Huntington's Chorea.
What is the prognosis of Huntington's Chorea?
Except for a few cases there is a relentless progression to death.
Death usually occurs in 10 to 15 years although the course may more acute or prolonged.
HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA
DOC I HAVE HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA
What is Huntington's Chorea?
Huntington's Chorea is a progressive degenrative disease affecting basal ganglia characterized by choeiform movements (movements such as writhing, twisting, and turning in a constant, uncontrollable dancing motion) and mental deterioration.
What causes Huntington's Chorea?
The cause is believed to be genetic with autosomal dominance transmission from parent to offspring with full penetrance.
In Huntington's Chorea, there is widespread degeneration changes with cell loss and reactive gliosis mainly in the cerebral cortex (thinking and perception), basal ganglia (balance) and caudate nucleus (co-ordination).
There is the belief that the deficiency of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cells may have contribute to the impairment of the nerve cells.
Who is at risk of Huntington's Chorea?
Huntington's Chorea affects sexes in equal numbers.
It is an inherited condition. On average 50 per cent of children of the sufferers will be affected.
What are the symptoms of Huntington's Chorea?
The typical course of Huntington's Chorea usually appear between 30 to 45 years but may be earlier or later.
1.choreiform movements (movements such as writhing, twisting, and turning in a constant, uncontrollable dancing motion )
2.emotional disturbance with mental changes
3.cognitive impairment
4.mood swings with inertia followed by irritability
5.apathy
6.anger
7.depression
8.delusion and hallucinations
9.The speech can become slurred and vital functions, such as eating, speaking, swallowing and especially walking, begin to decline.
10.All the above may occur to varying degree but rate of progression is generally parallel.
How is the diagnosis of Huntington's Chorea made?
The diagnosis of Huntington's Chorea involve:
1.Typical history of choreiform movements,emotional and mental impairment with family history.
2.physical and neurological examinations for brain neurological deficit.
3.CT scan or MRI may show selective atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen. In addition there are enlargement of fluid-filled cavities within the brain called ventricles. These tests do not completely differentiate Huntingson's Chorea from other conditions such as dementia but they will together with the choreiform movements,emotional and mental impairment point towards Huntingdon's chorea.
What are the complications for Huntington's Chorea ?
1.Progression of nerve involvement to whole body with paralysis
2.Dementia may gradually result from mental impairment
What is the treatment for Huntington's Chorea?
The is no cure for Huntington's Chorea but symptomatic control of choreiform movements and delusions with haliperidol or clonazepam may help.
Proper nutrition , fluids and exercise will help the patient to stay healthy and fit.
As the condition progress hospitalization or institutional care (such as nursing homes) is usually indicated.
Genetic counseling is important for treatment and prevention of
Huntington's Chorea.
What is the prognosis of Huntington's Chorea?
Except for a few cases there is a relentless progression to death.
Death usually occurs in 10 to 15 years although the course may more acute or prolonged.
What is Huntington's Chorea?
Huntington's Chorea is a progressive degenrative disease affecting basal ganglia characterized by choeiform movements (movements such as writhing, twisting, and turning in a constant, uncontrollable dancing motion) and mental deterioration.
What causes Huntington's Chorea?
The cause is believed to be genetic with autosomal dominance transmission from parent to offspring with full penetrance.
In Huntington's Chorea, there is widespread degeneration changes with cell loss and reactive gliosis mainly in the cerebral cortex (thinking and perception), basal ganglia (balance) and caudate nucleus (co-ordination).
There is the belief that the deficiency of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cells may have contribute to the impairment of the nerve cells.
Who is at risk of Huntington's Chorea?
Huntington's Chorea affects sexes in equal numbers.
It is an inherited condition. On average 50 per cent of children of the sufferers will be affected.
What are the symptoms of Huntington's Chorea?
The typical course of Huntington's Chorea usually appear between 30 to 45 years but may be earlier or later.
1.choreiform movements (movements such as writhing, twisting, and turning in a constant, uncontrollable dancing motion )
2.emotional disturbance with mental changes
3.cognitive impairment
4.mood swings with inertia followed by irritability
5.apathy
6.anger
7.depression
8.delusion and hallucinations
9.The speech can become slurred and vital functions, such as eating, speaking, swallowing and especially walking, begin to decline.
10.All the above may occur to varying degree but rate of progression is generally parallel.
How is the diagnosis of Huntington's Chorea made?
The diagnosis of Huntington's Chorea involve:
1.Typical history of choreiform movements,emotional and mental impairment with family history.
2.physical and neurological examinations for brain neurological deficit.
3.CT scan or MRI may show selective atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen. In addition there are enlargement of fluid-filled cavities within the brain called ventricles. These tests do not completely differentiate Huntingson's Chorea from other conditions such as dementia but they will together with the choreiform movements,emotional and mental impairment point towards Huntingdon's chorea.
What are the complications for Huntington's Chorea ?
1.Progression of nerve involvement to whole body with paralysis
2.Dementia may gradually result from mental impairment
What is the treatment for Huntington's Chorea?
The is no cure for Huntington's Chorea but symptomatic control of choreiform movements and delusions with haliperidol or clonazepam may help.
Proper nutrition , fluids and exercise will help the patient to stay healthy and fit.
As the condition progress hospitalization or institutional care (such as nursing homes) is usually indicated.
Genetic counseling is important for treatment and prevention of
Huntington's Chorea.
What is the prognosis of Huntington's Chorea?
Except for a few cases there is a relentless progression to death.
Death usually occurs in 10 to 15 years although the course may more acute or prolonged.
January 27, 2012
MOTOR NEURONE DISEASES
DOC I HAVE A MOTOR NEURONE DISEASE
What are Motor Neurone Diseases?
Motor Neurone Diseases is a group of progressive degenerative diseases affecting motor neurones with varying corticospinal involvement.
The diseases destroy cells that control important muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. The damaged nerve cells are unable to send signals to the muscles to do their activity resulting in weakness, wasting and tremors of the muscles.
The Motor Neurone Diseases includes conditions such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), progressive bulbar palsy, primary lateral sclerosis, and progressive muscular atrophy.
What causes Motor Neurone Diseases?
The cause is unknown but environmental, toxic, viral, or genetic factors have found to play a part in its formation.
1.In all Motor Neurone Diseases, there is loss of nerve cells in the anterior horn of spinal cord and motor nuclei of brain stem.
2.In Primary Lateral Sclerosis there is corticospinal tract degeneration most evident in the lower spinal cord but traceable to internal capsule and corona radiata.
Who is at risk of Motor Neurone Diseases?
Motor Neurone Diseases occurs in middle age 40-60 years old and are more common in males.
It occurs as endemic in Guam where there is high familial incidence in association with Parkinson dementia complex.
What are the symptoms of Motor Neurone Disease?
The typical course of Motor Neurone Diseases except for primary lateral sclerosis is 2 to 6 years resulting in death.
1.acute onset of asymmetrical muscle tremors, weakness and wasting in both lower limbs with ascending progression of the weakness upwards to the arms and face .
2.the lower cranial nerves can also be affected leading to bulbar weakness, (dysphagia or difficulty with swallowing), facial weakness and respiratory difficulties. If this happens , hospitalization is a must.
3.spasticity of the muscles
4.hyperreflexia
5.mental function is usually not affected
How is the diagnosis of Motor Neurone Disease made?
The diagnosis of Motor Neurone Disease involve
1.History of a rapid onset and progression of motor weakness, wasting, tremors, hyperreflexia and the absence of fever.
2.physical and neurological examinations for peripheral neurological deficit.
What are the complications for Motor Neurone Disease ?
1.Progression of nerve involvement to whole body
2.Paralysis of respiratory muscles and swallowing can be life threatening
What is the treatment for Motor Neurone Disease?
Treatment for Motor Neurone Disease may be urgent especially in cases of respiratory distress:
1.Hospitalization and early intubation with a respirator on standby in case of difficulty in respiration
2.treatment of the condition is supportive only as there is no cure for the disease
a.physiotherapy to strengthen muscles
b.Speech therapy for speech and swallowing
3.The drug riluzole approved to treat ALS, prolongs life by 2-3 months but does not relieve symptoms.
4.Symptoms such as spasticity can be treated with muscle relaxants.
Anticonvulsants and pain killers can help to relieve pain.
5.A healthy and balanced diet is necessary to maintain strength in the muscles and mind
What is the prognosis of Motor Neurone Disease?
Most Motor Neurone Diseases except for primary lateral sclerosis (which is usually not fatal) are relentless diseases with progression to death.
What are Motor Neurone Diseases?
Motor Neurone Diseases is a group of progressive degenerative diseases affecting motor neurones with varying corticospinal involvement.
The diseases destroy cells that control important muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. The damaged nerve cells are unable to send signals to the muscles to do their activity resulting in weakness, wasting and tremors of the muscles.
The Motor Neurone Diseases includes conditions such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), progressive bulbar palsy, primary lateral sclerosis, and progressive muscular atrophy.
What causes Motor Neurone Diseases?
The cause is unknown but environmental, toxic, viral, or genetic factors have found to play a part in its formation.
1.In all Motor Neurone Diseases, there is loss of nerve cells in the anterior horn of spinal cord and motor nuclei of brain stem.
2.In Primary Lateral Sclerosis there is corticospinal tract degeneration most evident in the lower spinal cord but traceable to internal capsule and corona radiata.
Who is at risk of Motor Neurone Diseases?
Motor Neurone Diseases occurs in middle age 40-60 years old and are more common in males.
It occurs as endemic in Guam where there is high familial incidence in association with Parkinson dementia complex.
What are the symptoms of Motor Neurone Disease?
The typical course of Motor Neurone Diseases except for primary lateral sclerosis is 2 to 6 years resulting in death.
1.acute onset of asymmetrical muscle tremors, weakness and wasting in both lower limbs with ascending progression of the weakness upwards to the arms and face .
2.the lower cranial nerves can also be affected leading to bulbar weakness, (dysphagia or difficulty with swallowing), facial weakness and respiratory difficulties. If this happens , hospitalization is a must.
3.spasticity of the muscles
4.hyperreflexia
5.mental function is usually not affected
How is the diagnosis of Motor Neurone Disease made?
The diagnosis of Motor Neurone Disease involve
1.History of a rapid onset and progression of motor weakness, wasting, tremors, hyperreflexia and the absence of fever.
2.physical and neurological examinations for peripheral neurological deficit.
What are the complications for Motor Neurone Disease ?
1.Progression of nerve involvement to whole body
2.Paralysis of respiratory muscles and swallowing can be life threatening
What is the treatment for Motor Neurone Disease?
Treatment for Motor Neurone Disease may be urgent especially in cases of respiratory distress:
1.Hospitalization and early intubation with a respirator on standby in case of difficulty in respiration
2.treatment of the condition is supportive only as there is no cure for the disease
a.physiotherapy to strengthen muscles
b.Speech therapy for speech and swallowing
3.The drug riluzole approved to treat ALS, prolongs life by 2-3 months but does not relieve symptoms.
4.Symptoms such as spasticity can be treated with muscle relaxants.
Anticonvulsants and pain killers can help to relieve pain.
5.A healthy and balanced diet is necessary to maintain strength in the muscles and mind
What is the prognosis of Motor Neurone Disease?
Most Motor Neurone Diseases except for primary lateral sclerosis (which is usually not fatal) are relentless diseases with progression to death.
January 24, 2012
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
DOC I HAVE DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease which causes rapid weakness and wasting of muscles.
What is the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is believed to occur as a result of a defective gene for dystrophin (a protein in the muscles).
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy males are more likely to develop symptoms than are women.
Inheritance is usually sex-linked and recessive. The sons of women who are carriers of the disease have a 50% chance of having the disease while the daughters have a 50% chance of being carriers.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs in 0.3 per cent of male infants in the population.
What are the symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Symptoms may appear as early as infancy and include:
1.Fatigue
2.Muscle weakness which is worse in the legs
3.waddling gait
4.use of hands to raise self from floor
4.Difficulty in running, jumping
5.Frequent falling
6,climbing stairs difficult
7.Pseudohypertrophy of the infraspinatus, deltoids , triceps and calf muscles
8.Atrophy of muscles occurs with contractures and deformity
9.Progressive difficulty in walking with ability to walk lost by 12 years of age
10.Most patients at age 12 are confined to a wheelchair.
Signs :
A complete physical examination may show:
1.Abnormal heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
2.Congestive heart failure
3.Deformities of the chest and back (scoliosis)
4.Enlarged calf muscles which are later replaced by fat and connective tissue (pseudohypertrophy)
5.Loss of muscle mass (wasting)
6.Muscle deformities in the heels and legs
7.Respiratory difficulty due to weakness of lung muscles
Investigations:
1.Electromyography (EMG)
2.Genetic tests
3.Muscle biopsy
What is the Treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy are usually symptomatic to improve the quality of life as there is no cure for the disease.
Gene therapy may be able to cure by removing the defective gene in the future.
1.Physical activity is helpful to maintain muscle strength and function.
Inactivity may worsen the muscle disease.
2.massage and electrical stimulation of muscles
2.Orthopedic appliances (such as braces and wheelchairs) may increase the ability for self help.
What is the prognosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually leads to rapidly worsening muscular condition.
Death can occurs by age 25 typically from respiratory conditions such as pneumonia.
What are the complications of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
1.heart disease such as cardiopathy and heart failure
2.muscle deformities such as scoliosis
3.mental impairment which is rare
4.permanent, progressive disability
5.pneumonia or other respiratory infections
6.death from respiratory failure
What is the preventive measures of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be detected with about 95% accuracy by genetic studies performed during pregnancy.
Genetic couseling will therefore be a great help to prevent the disease.
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease which causes rapid weakness and wasting of muscles.
What is the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is believed to occur as a result of a defective gene for dystrophin (a protein in the muscles).
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy males are more likely to develop symptoms than are women.
Inheritance is usually sex-linked and recessive. The sons of women who are carriers of the disease have a 50% chance of having the disease while the daughters have a 50% chance of being carriers.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs in 0.3 per cent of male infants in the population.
What are the symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Symptoms may appear as early as infancy and include:
1.Fatigue
2.Muscle weakness which is worse in the legs
3.waddling gait
4.use of hands to raise self from floor
4.Difficulty in running, jumping
5.Frequent falling
6,climbing stairs difficult
7.Pseudohypertrophy of the infraspinatus, deltoids , triceps and calf muscles
8.Atrophy of muscles occurs with contractures and deformity
9.Progressive difficulty in walking with ability to walk lost by 12 years of age
10.Most patients at age 12 are confined to a wheelchair.
Signs :
A complete physical examination may show:
1.Abnormal heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
2.Congestive heart failure
3.Deformities of the chest and back (scoliosis)
4.Enlarged calf muscles which are later replaced by fat and connective tissue (pseudohypertrophy)
5.Loss of muscle mass (wasting)
6.Muscle deformities in the heels and legs
7.Respiratory difficulty due to weakness of lung muscles
Investigations:
1.Electromyography (EMG)
2.Genetic tests
3.Muscle biopsy
What is the Treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy are usually symptomatic to improve the quality of life as there is no cure for the disease.
Gene therapy may be able to cure by removing the defective gene in the future.
1.Physical activity is helpful to maintain muscle strength and function.
Inactivity may worsen the muscle disease.
2.massage and electrical stimulation of muscles
2.Orthopedic appliances (such as braces and wheelchairs) may increase the ability for self help.
What is the prognosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually leads to rapidly worsening muscular condition.
Death can occurs by age 25 typically from respiratory conditions such as pneumonia.
What are the complications of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
1.heart disease such as cardiopathy and heart failure
2.muscle deformities such as scoliosis
3.mental impairment which is rare
4.permanent, progressive disability
5.pneumonia or other respiratory infections
6.death from respiratory failure
What is the preventive measures of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be detected with about 95% accuracy by genetic studies performed during pregnancy.
Genetic couseling will therefore be a great help to prevent the disease.
January 23, 2012
PURPURA
DOC I HAVE PURPURA
Purpura is a physical sign of escape of red blood cells through the endometrial wall of the dermal capillaries resulting in purplish blotches under the skin.
What is the cause of Purpura?
It is usually due to vacular wall defect, low platelets, infections or injury:
Vascular wall defect may be caused by:
1.Scurvy or lack of vitamin C
2.Fragilty of vascular wall due to age(senile purpura, anemia, diabetes or steroid therapy
3.Autoimmune disease such as Henoch Schonlein purpura
4.Blood cancer such as multiple myeloma
Infections:
1.Dengue fever - cause low platelets
2.Subacute bacterial endocarditis - cause low platelets
3.Typhoid fever
4.Rocky mountain fever
Low Platelets:
1.Aplastic anemia - low production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets from marrow
2.Megaloblastic anemia
3.Leukemia
4.Exposure to toxic drugs (chemotherapy) or radiation
5.Splenomegaly
6.Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
7.Lymphoma
8.Neonatal thromocytopenia
9.Drug induced thrombocytopenia
Others:
1.Injury
2.Trauma
3.Burns
4.Dialysis
5.Blood thinners such as aspirin, warfarin, plavix
3.alcohol
What are the symptoms of Purpura?
Symptoms:
1.typical purple blotches under the skin
2.fever with purpura is a medical emergency
3.fundoscopic bleeding
4.abdominal pain may be a recurring symptom
5.splenomegaly
6.low platelets
7.bleeding time prolonged
How do you made the diagnosis of Purpura?
Diagnosis of Purpura is often based on
1. history of Purpura
2. history of drug allergy
3. history of blood thinners
4. Full blood count
5. Bone marrow biopsy
What are the complications of Purpura?
The complications of Purpura are:
1. Anemia
2. damage to liver , spleen and nerves
What is the treatment of Purpura?
Treat the underlying cause:
1.Blood transfusion of platelets in severe cases
2.Antibiotics for infections
3.Avoid causative agents especially drugs, vitamin deficiency,renal disease,radiation
4.corticosteroids is useful in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
5.Splenectomy may be helpful
What is the prognosis of Purpura?
Prognosis depends on the cause of Purpura.
Patients with blood cancer has a poorer prognosis compared to injury.
Purpura is a physical sign of escape of red blood cells through the endometrial wall of the dermal capillaries resulting in purplish blotches under the skin.
What is the cause of Purpura?
It is usually due to vacular wall defect, low platelets, infections or injury:
Vascular wall defect may be caused by:
1.Scurvy or lack of vitamin C
2.Fragilty of vascular wall due to age(senile purpura, anemia, diabetes or steroid therapy
3.Autoimmune disease such as Henoch Schonlein purpura
4.Blood cancer such as multiple myeloma
Infections:
1.Dengue fever - cause low platelets
2.Subacute bacterial endocarditis - cause low platelets
3.Typhoid fever
4.Rocky mountain fever
Low Platelets:
1.Aplastic anemia - low production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets from marrow
2.Megaloblastic anemia
3.Leukemia
4.Exposure to toxic drugs (chemotherapy) or radiation
5.Splenomegaly
6.Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
7.Lymphoma
8.Neonatal thromocytopenia
9.Drug induced thrombocytopenia
Others:
1.Injury
2.Trauma
3.Burns
4.Dialysis
5.Blood thinners such as aspirin, warfarin, plavix
3.alcohol
What are the symptoms of Purpura?
Symptoms:
1.typical purple blotches under the skin
2.fever with purpura is a medical emergency
3.fundoscopic bleeding
4.abdominal pain may be a recurring symptom
5.splenomegaly
6.low platelets
7.bleeding time prolonged
How do you made the diagnosis of Purpura?
Diagnosis of Purpura is often based on
1. history of Purpura
2. history of drug allergy
3. history of blood thinners
4. Full blood count
5. Bone marrow biopsy
What are the complications of Purpura?
The complications of Purpura are:
1. Anemia
2. damage to liver , spleen and nerves
What is the treatment of Purpura?
Treat the underlying cause:
1.Blood transfusion of platelets in severe cases
2.Antibiotics for infections
3.Avoid causative agents especially drugs, vitamin deficiency,renal disease,radiation
4.corticosteroids is useful in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
5.Splenectomy may be helpful
What is the prognosis of Purpura?
Prognosis depends on the cause of Purpura.
Patients with blood cancer has a poorer prognosis compared to injury.
January 21, 2012
WEIGHT LOSS 3
DOC HOW DO I LOSE WEIGHT?
Control Diet
15.)Grocery store shop at outer aisles
There is one common thread in all grocery store designs: the healthy foods are on the perimeter aisles. Think about it, when you go into the grocery all of the healthy stuff, fruits, vegetables, meats, and dairy products are arranged around the stores walls whereas the center aisle areas in those few stores that stock butter and cheese in the center near the frozen foods. .
Train yourself to start on one end of the outer aisle and work your way around. You will be able to fill your basket with healthy items if you do so.
16.)Get good cook books
Get a good cookbook. Not all recipes in a cookbook are low-carbohydrate fare. However you will be surprised at the number of low-carbohydrate friendly recipes you can find in a standard Betty Crocker Cookbook.
Cookbooks often contain handy tips on purchasing cuts of meat and preparing meats, fruits and vegetables in new and exciting ways. New low-carbohydrate cookbooks are hitting the shelves all the time. Try to take advantage of these resources to eat something new, different and nutritious.
17.)Take a good multivitamin as supplement to your diet The most conscientious food combiner may miss some healthy vitamins, minerals and trace elements in their diets. To help supplement your diet, consider taking a good multivitamin. If you are an otherwise healthy individual, your body will do its part. Keep to the low-carbohydrate diet plan that is right for you with some variety to your meals to help you on the path to good health and weight loss goals.
18.) Reward Yourself
Once in a while reward yourself. You will be less likely to cheat on your new diet if you grant yourself small rewards. If you are a chocolate lover, treat yourself to a small square of chocolate each evening.
BURN YOUR CALORIES
1.) Work Out with Weights
Beside the diet control the other way is to burn up the fat. One way is to add a weight exercise program and routine work out. Weight training will not only tone your muscles but will strengthen your body and improve your general health. Lifting weights will also help to burn calories and fat more quickly than ordinary exercise.It will also boost your blood circulation and metabolism.
2.) Avoid Marathon Work Outs
Some people feel that the best way to burn fat and lose weight is to have one long, extensive work out. That is not true because it will exhaust all your energy leaving less energy for the next exercise. Break up your work out plan into small manageable sessions throughout the day. For example take a brisk walk in the morning, enjoy a work out at lunch, and then exercise more in the evening. This will keep you active all day long and will better maintain your metabolism.
3.) Mix It Up
Being active in different quality exercises will keep your interest and help you to maintain your goal of burning fat. Changing exercises such as to swim laps one day, jog another, and riding a bicycle the next will not only allow you to experience a variety of physical activities, it will also allow you to better tone your body.
Finally a positive and cheerful optimism will help a long way to reduce your weight. If you can control your diet and burn your calories you will definitely lose weight! Do not doubt that!
Control Diet
15.)Grocery store shop at outer aisles
There is one common thread in all grocery store designs: the healthy foods are on the perimeter aisles. Think about it, when you go into the grocery all of the healthy stuff, fruits, vegetables, meats, and dairy products are arranged around the stores walls whereas the center aisle areas in those few stores that stock butter and cheese in the center near the frozen foods. .
Train yourself to start on one end of the outer aisle and work your way around. You will be able to fill your basket with healthy items if you do so.
16.)Get good cook books
Get a good cookbook. Not all recipes in a cookbook are low-carbohydrate fare. However you will be surprised at the number of low-carbohydrate friendly recipes you can find in a standard Betty Crocker Cookbook.
Cookbooks often contain handy tips on purchasing cuts of meat and preparing meats, fruits and vegetables in new and exciting ways. New low-carbohydrate cookbooks are hitting the shelves all the time. Try to take advantage of these resources to eat something new, different and nutritious.
17.)Take a good multivitamin as supplement to your diet The most conscientious food combiner may miss some healthy vitamins, minerals and trace elements in their diets. To help supplement your diet, consider taking a good multivitamin. If you are an otherwise healthy individual, your body will do its part. Keep to the low-carbohydrate diet plan that is right for you with some variety to your meals to help you on the path to good health and weight loss goals.
18.) Reward Yourself
Once in a while reward yourself. You will be less likely to cheat on your new diet if you grant yourself small rewards. If you are a chocolate lover, treat yourself to a small square of chocolate each evening.
BURN YOUR CALORIES
1.) Work Out with Weights
Beside the diet control the other way is to burn up the fat. One way is to add a weight exercise program and routine work out. Weight training will not only tone your muscles but will strengthen your body and improve your general health. Lifting weights will also help to burn calories and fat more quickly than ordinary exercise.It will also boost your blood circulation and metabolism.
2.) Avoid Marathon Work Outs
Some people feel that the best way to burn fat and lose weight is to have one long, extensive work out. That is not true because it will exhaust all your energy leaving less energy for the next exercise. Break up your work out plan into small manageable sessions throughout the day. For example take a brisk walk in the morning, enjoy a work out at lunch, and then exercise more in the evening. This will keep you active all day long and will better maintain your metabolism.
3.) Mix It Up
Being active in different quality exercises will keep your interest and help you to maintain your goal of burning fat. Changing exercises such as to swim laps one day, jog another, and riding a bicycle the next will not only allow you to experience a variety of physical activities, it will also allow you to better tone your body.
Finally a positive and cheerful optimism will help a long way to reduce your weight. If you can control your diet and burn your calories you will definitely lose weight! Do not doubt that!
January 19, 2012
WEIGHT LOSS 2
DOC HOW DO I LOSE WEIGHT?
Control Diet
7.)Avoid meal replacements
Every day new meal replacement shakes and bars are sold on the market.They may claim to be healthy, but almost all of them contain hydrogenated oil and sweeteners.
Low carbohydrate doughnuts and muffins can be found at your neighborhood grocery store . While low-carbohydrate pastries may be tempting to buy, unfortunately they still contain all of the usual carbohydrate suspects: sugar and flour.
They may be healthier than your typical muffin as an occasional treat but not for long term eating.
8.) Low Glycemic Index Diet
A low Glycemic Index(sugar index) diet is a good way of burning fat quickly. This diet allows people to take large amounts of foods with low rankings on the Glycemic Index. These foods have enough nutrition and will help your body to burn fats and calories faster. The diet includes many of your favorite fruits, vegetable, meats, dairy, and grain products.
9.)Get fresh fruits not squeezed
Fruit juice can be very tempting as a replacement for soda but most commercial fruit juice has very little actual fruit juice.
Instead you will find lots of sugar water and other ingredients. Skip the juice altogether and eat a fresh piece of fruit instead. Not only does fresh fruit contain less sugar than juice. Fresh fruit also has fiber which is good for you and will help you feel fuller longer.
10.)Cooking your own food:
Many food in restaurents claims to have low carbohydrate and calories but most of them are not ideal low-carbohydrate fare. There are many recipes for good nutritional and easily prepared meals that you can cook yourself at home.
If you cook your own foods, you will be able to know exactly the contents of the food and you will have better control for hidden sugar and otherwise processed foods.
The other benefit is the significant cost per meal as opposed to eating at restaurants and fast food establishments.
It is also easier to control your diet with your favorite fresh food selections available at your kitchen.
11.) Eat slowly and enjoy your food
You will feel full and more satisfied if you take the time eat slowly by chewing it and savouring your food. Do not eat while standing . Sit down and chew.
Eating slower will help you enjoy your food more, notice what it is you are actually eating and get a better knowledge of when you are actually full.
12.) Cut Calories Wisely
It is tempting to drastically cut your calorie intake when you start on a healthy lifestyle. By reducing calories too quickly, your body will be too rapidly burning all available calories, which will slow down your metabolism.
Instead use a step method when cutting your calorie intake to minimize risk.Furthermore, you are more likely to maintain your healthy lifestyle through this step method.
13.) Skip Happy Hour
Avoid alcohol. Alcohol is rich in sugars and carbohydrates, and therefore a high calorie substance. These calories can add up quickly and take away from essemtial nutrients that should be included in your daily diet. Besides this alcohol acts as an inhibitor for burning fat allowing your body to store the fat faster.
14.)Having your food storage containers
Using your food storage containers of various sizes will make it so much easier for you to plan your meals. You can buy and store nuts, fruits and vegetables in bulk for easy use later.
Fix your own lunch and snacks and bring them in containers with you to work.
Control Diet
7.)Avoid meal replacements
Every day new meal replacement shakes and bars are sold on the market.They may claim to be healthy, but almost all of them contain hydrogenated oil and sweeteners.
Low carbohydrate doughnuts and muffins can be found at your neighborhood grocery store . While low-carbohydrate pastries may be tempting to buy, unfortunately they still contain all of the usual carbohydrate suspects: sugar and flour.
They may be healthier than your typical muffin as an occasional treat but not for long term eating.
8.) Low Glycemic Index Diet
A low Glycemic Index(sugar index) diet is a good way of burning fat quickly. This diet allows people to take large amounts of foods with low rankings on the Glycemic Index. These foods have enough nutrition and will help your body to burn fats and calories faster. The diet includes many of your favorite fruits, vegetable, meats, dairy, and grain products.
9.)Get fresh fruits not squeezed
Fruit juice can be very tempting as a replacement for soda but most commercial fruit juice has very little actual fruit juice.
Instead you will find lots of sugar water and other ingredients. Skip the juice altogether and eat a fresh piece of fruit instead. Not only does fresh fruit contain less sugar than juice. Fresh fruit also has fiber which is good for you and will help you feel fuller longer.
10.)Cooking your own food:
Many food in restaurents claims to have low carbohydrate and calories but most of them are not ideal low-carbohydrate fare. There are many recipes for good nutritional and easily prepared meals that you can cook yourself at home.
If you cook your own foods, you will be able to know exactly the contents of the food and you will have better control for hidden sugar and otherwise processed foods.
The other benefit is the significant cost per meal as opposed to eating at restaurants and fast food establishments.
It is also easier to control your diet with your favorite fresh food selections available at your kitchen.
11.) Eat slowly and enjoy your food
You will feel full and more satisfied if you take the time eat slowly by chewing it and savouring your food. Do not eat while standing . Sit down and chew.
Eating slower will help you enjoy your food more, notice what it is you are actually eating and get a better knowledge of when you are actually full.
12.) Cut Calories Wisely
It is tempting to drastically cut your calorie intake when you start on a healthy lifestyle. By reducing calories too quickly, your body will be too rapidly burning all available calories, which will slow down your metabolism.
Instead use a step method when cutting your calorie intake to minimize risk.Furthermore, you are more likely to maintain your healthy lifestyle through this step method.
13.) Skip Happy Hour
Avoid alcohol. Alcohol is rich in sugars and carbohydrates, and therefore a high calorie substance. These calories can add up quickly and take away from essemtial nutrients that should be included in your daily diet. Besides this alcohol acts as an inhibitor for burning fat allowing your body to store the fat faster.
14.)Having your food storage containers
Using your food storage containers of various sizes will make it so much easier for you to plan your meals. You can buy and store nuts, fruits and vegetables in bulk for easy use later.
Fix your own lunch and snacks and bring them in containers with you to work.
January 17, 2012
WEIGHT LOSS 1
DOC HOW DO I LOSE WEIGHT?
A Simple Guide to your weight loss program involve 2 main components:
1.Control Diet
2.Burn up Calories
Control Diet
1.) Drink More Water
Drinking water 8 to 10 times each day to stay hydrated and healthy. Once you get started, you will begin to crave water.
Start with a glass of water first thing in the morning before you eat. If you really do not like the taste of water, try adding a few drops of lemon or lime to your water but no sugar or sweetener! Ice also helps.
One of the best weight loss secrets is to avoid the sweet drinks and the sodas which are all calorie laden. Instead grab a refreshing glass of water.
Besides flushing toxins and waste material out of your system, drinking water encourages you to build muscle.
Drinking a glass of water after very meaal will help you get in your 8 to 10 glasses of water each day but it can also have other benefits.If you feel hungry after a smaller meal, try drinking water after the meal. The water will help you feel full and prevent further eating.
2.) Eat More Small Meals
Do not skip breakfast each morning even if you will have to go bed earlier 20 mins each night to wake up for a proper breaskfast! Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and will contribute to your good health and to weight control.
Eating breakfast is not only good for overall weight loss, it will help you control your diet the rest of the day. You will less likely to eat something sweet and in the bread group if you skip breakfast.
Keep a couple of hard-boiled eggs in the fridge or some high-fiber, low starch fruit around to take for breakfast. Breakfast is the best time to take fruits.
You will feel better and lose weight quicker if you eat a large breakfast and eat a smaller dinner. Try and eat the majority of your carbohydrates earlier in the day, leaving a salad and lean meat protein for dinner.
By eating larger meals during the part of the day when you are most active will help you to feel less hungry throughout the day and stop cravings for unhealthy snacks.
Traditional three-large-meals-a-day plan will not help your body to burn up large meals and any excess will be turned into fat. Many nutritionist believe you should eat six small meals a day. You should cut back on your food consumption at each meal, or else you will be doubling your intake of calories!
Just like eating breakfast will increase your metabolism, so will eating small meals more often. This will also help you reduce the total carbohydrate intake by making sure that your meals are planned and occur regularly throughout the day.
3.) Consider eating a salmon or fish during breakfast
This is one way to work in Omega-3 fatty acids that are good for you and add some variety to your daily diet. After a time you may tire of eating eggs and bacon for breakfast. Eating a salmon or fish will give you the protein and healthy fish oils you need.
4.)Avoid White Foods
Anything which is made from sugar, flour, potatoes, rice or corn - just avoid. Always look for colorful fruits and veggies to substitute for the white foods. Buy broccoli, lettuce, bell peppers, green beans and peas, brown rice in moderation, leafy greens like kale and spinach, apples, melons, oranges and grapes.
Fruits and vegetables are not only colorful but they are also high in fiber, nutrients and important antioxidants. Eating colorful fruits and vegetables will give your diet variety as well as healthy benefits with their fresh vitamins, minerals and fiber. Most people will find some vegetables that they enjoy eating. Vegetarians have food that looks and taste as good as meat .They are actually made out of soya bean and flour.
5.) Choose Protein
Choose protein-laden foods for boosting your metabolism and enabling your body to burn fat rapidly. In addition to burning fat, consuming a protein-enriched diet will help you rebuild muscle after work outs and maintain leanness of that muscle. Wisely choose proteins for your diet. Take great care to pick proteins low in fat so you do not consume extra calories.
6.)Eat more protein at every meal
Eating protein helps you burn more calories. This iss because protein is made up mainly of amino acids, which are harder to breakdown in your body so you burn more calories getting rid of them.
Eating a protein rich snack can help you to lose weight.
Eating protein will also help you feel full so that you have less craving for unhealthy snacks.
A Simple Guide to your weight loss program involve 2 main components:
1.Control Diet
2.Burn up Calories
Control Diet
1.) Drink More Water
Drinking water 8 to 10 times each day to stay hydrated and healthy. Once you get started, you will begin to crave water.
Start with a glass of water first thing in the morning before you eat. If you really do not like the taste of water, try adding a few drops of lemon or lime to your water but no sugar or sweetener! Ice also helps.
One of the best weight loss secrets is to avoid the sweet drinks and the sodas which are all calorie laden. Instead grab a refreshing glass of water.
Besides flushing toxins and waste material out of your system, drinking water encourages you to build muscle.
Drinking a glass of water after very meaal will help you get in your 8 to 10 glasses of water each day but it can also have other benefits.If you feel hungry after a smaller meal, try drinking water after the meal. The water will help you feel full and prevent further eating.
2.) Eat More Small Meals
Do not skip breakfast each morning even if you will have to go bed earlier 20 mins each night to wake up for a proper breaskfast! Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and will contribute to your good health and to weight control.
Eating breakfast is not only good for overall weight loss, it will help you control your diet the rest of the day. You will less likely to eat something sweet and in the bread group if you skip breakfast.
Keep a couple of hard-boiled eggs in the fridge or some high-fiber, low starch fruit around to take for breakfast. Breakfast is the best time to take fruits.
You will feel better and lose weight quicker if you eat a large breakfast and eat a smaller dinner. Try and eat the majority of your carbohydrates earlier in the day, leaving a salad and lean meat protein for dinner.
By eating larger meals during the part of the day when you are most active will help you to feel less hungry throughout the day and stop cravings for unhealthy snacks.
Traditional three-large-meals-a-day plan will not help your body to burn up large meals and any excess will be turned into fat. Many nutritionist believe you should eat six small meals a day. You should cut back on your food consumption at each meal, or else you will be doubling your intake of calories!
Just like eating breakfast will increase your metabolism, so will eating small meals more often. This will also help you reduce the total carbohydrate intake by making sure that your meals are planned and occur regularly throughout the day.
3.) Consider eating a salmon or fish during breakfast
This is one way to work in Omega-3 fatty acids that are good for you and add some variety to your daily diet. After a time you may tire of eating eggs and bacon for breakfast. Eating a salmon or fish will give you the protein and healthy fish oils you need.
4.)Avoid White Foods
Anything which is made from sugar, flour, potatoes, rice or corn - just avoid. Always look for colorful fruits and veggies to substitute for the white foods. Buy broccoli, lettuce, bell peppers, green beans and peas, brown rice in moderation, leafy greens like kale and spinach, apples, melons, oranges and grapes.
Fruits and vegetables are not only colorful but they are also high in fiber, nutrients and important antioxidants. Eating colorful fruits and vegetables will give your diet variety as well as healthy benefits with their fresh vitamins, minerals and fiber. Most people will find some vegetables that they enjoy eating. Vegetarians have food that looks and taste as good as meat .They are actually made out of soya bean and flour.
5.) Choose Protein
Choose protein-laden foods for boosting your metabolism and enabling your body to burn fat rapidly. In addition to burning fat, consuming a protein-enriched diet will help you rebuild muscle after work outs and maintain leanness of that muscle. Wisely choose proteins for your diet. Take great care to pick proteins low in fat so you do not consume extra calories.
6.)Eat more protein at every meal
Eating protein helps you burn more calories. This iss because protein is made up mainly of amino acids, which are harder to breakdown in your body so you burn more calories getting rid of them.
Eating a protein rich snack can help you to lose weight.
Eating protein will also help you feel full so that you have less craving for unhealthy snacks.
January 15, 2012
BRISTOL STOOL SCALE
[caption id="" align="alignright" width="300" caption="Image via Wikipedia"]
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[/caption]
DOC HOW DO I KNOW WHETHER MY STOOL IS NORMAL
Actually many people do not know the definition of diarrhea.
They define the word diarrhea as watery stools where in fact the word diarrhea means any stools which are softer or more frequent than normal.
The researchers at the Bristol University have come out with a scale which is called the Bristol Stool Scale.
According to the Bristol Stool Scale, the seven types of stools
are:
1.Type 1: Separate hard lumps like nuts
2.Type 2: Sausage shaped but lumpy
3.Type 3: like a Sausage but with cracks on its surface
4.Type 4: like a Sausage or snake, smooth and soft
5.Type 5: soft blobs with clear cut edges
6.Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
7.Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid.
Type 1 and 2 indicate constipation while type 5-7 indicate diarrhea. Type 3 and 4 are considered ideal stools because they are the easiest to pass.
Avoidance of constipation include:
1. Increase in daily fiber intake to at least 15gm (eg. 1 bowl of bran cereal for breakfast),
fruits and vegetables).
Fibre increases the bulk of the stool allowing easy passage of stools through the large
intestine.
2. Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day (2 liters). Water reduces the hardness of stools.
3. Regular exercises at least 2-3 times a day especially after meals. Exercise will enhance
intestinal movement.
4. Allow a distraction free period of 15 min a day for bowel movement. The strongest
intestinal movement occurs after breakfast.
5. Do not ignore or suppress the urge to pass bowel movement. This may impair the
sensation to detect initiation of bowel movement leading to constipation.
Avoidance of diarrhea include:
1.washing your hands thoroughly for 20 seconds after using the bathroom or changing diapers
2.washing your hands thoroughly for 20 seconds before eating
3.disinfecting contaminated surfaces such as counter tops and baby changing stations
4.Avoid eating or drinking foods or liquids that might be contaminated
5.Avoid rapid intestinal movement from stress, irritable bowel syndrome
Please read my blogs on constipation and diarrhea
DOC HOW DO I KNOW WHETHER MY STOOL IS NORMAL
Actually many people do not know the definition of diarrhea.
They define the word diarrhea as watery stools where in fact the word diarrhea means any stools which are softer or more frequent than normal.
The researchers at the Bristol University have come out with a scale which is called the Bristol Stool Scale.
According to the Bristol Stool Scale, the seven types of stools
are:
1.Type 1: Separate hard lumps like nuts
2.Type 2: Sausage shaped but lumpy
3.Type 3: like a Sausage but with cracks on its surface
4.Type 4: like a Sausage or snake, smooth and soft
5.Type 5: soft blobs with clear cut edges
6.Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
7.Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid.
Type 1 and 2 indicate constipation while type 5-7 indicate diarrhea. Type 3 and 4 are considered ideal stools because they are the easiest to pass.
Avoidance of constipation include:
1. Increase in daily fiber intake to at least 15gm (eg. 1 bowl of bran cereal for breakfast),
fruits and vegetables).
Fibre increases the bulk of the stool allowing easy passage of stools through the large
intestine.
2. Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day (2 liters). Water reduces the hardness of stools.
3. Regular exercises at least 2-3 times a day especially after meals. Exercise will enhance
intestinal movement.
4. Allow a distraction free period of 15 min a day for bowel movement. The strongest
intestinal movement occurs after breakfast.
5. Do not ignore or suppress the urge to pass bowel movement. This may impair the
sensation to detect initiation of bowel movement leading to constipation.
Avoidance of diarrhea include:
1.washing your hands thoroughly for 20 seconds after using the bathroom or changing diapers
2.washing your hands thoroughly for 20 seconds before eating
3.disinfecting contaminated surfaces such as counter tops and baby changing stations
4.Avoid eating or drinking foods or liquids that might be contaminated
5.Avoid rapid intestinal movement from stress, irritable bowel syndrome
Please read my blogs on constipation and diarrhea
![[image error]](http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bristol_stool_chart.svg){kind=link}