Michael L. Ross
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The United States
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More books by Michael L. Ross…
“growth have different consequences for gender relations: when growth encourages women to join the formal labor market, it ultimately brings about greater
gender equality; when growth is based on oil and mineral extraction, it discourages women from entering the
labor force and tends to exaggerate gender inequalities”
―
gender equality; when growth is based on oil and mineral extraction, it discourages women from entering the
labor force and tends to exaggerate gender inequalities”
―
“Oil production affects gender relations by reducing the presence of women in the labor force. The failure of women to join the nonagricultural labor force has profound social consequences: it leads to higher fertility rates, less education for girls, and less female influence within the family. It also has far-reaching political consequences: when fewer women work outside the home, they are less likely to exchange information and overcome collective action problems; less likely to mobilize politically, and to lobby for expanded rights; and less likely to gain representation in government. This leaves oil-producing states with atypically strong patriarchal cultures and political institutions”
― Oil, Islam, and Women
― Oil, Islam, and Women
“In the 1980s and 1990s, Venezuela’s Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (widely known by its acronym, PDVSA), was one of the world’s most politically independent and well-managed national oil companies. In the early 2000s, President Hugo Chávez stripped PDVSA of its independent authority and replaced its top officials with loyal followers. He then placed PDVSA in charge of administering a new set of social programs, closely tied to his political machine. By 2004, two-thirds of PDVSA’s budget went to social programs, not petroleum-related activities. As its social programs grew, PDVSA’s transparency fell. After 2003, its financial disclosures dropped sharply, and independent observers found its activities increasingly difficult to monitor.73”
― The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations
― The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations
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