Palaeontology

Palaeontology or paleontology (/ˌpeɪlɪɒnˈtɒlədʒi/, /ˌpeɪlɪənˈtɒlədʒi/ or /ˌpælɪɒnˈtɒlədʒi/, /ˌpælɪənˈtɒlədʒi/) is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their palaeoecology). Palaeontologist observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anat Palaeontology or paleontology (/ˌpeɪlɪɒnˈtɒlədʒi/, /ˌpeɪlɪənˈtɒlədʒi/ or /ˌpælɪɒnˈtɒlədʒi/, /ˌpælɪənˈtɒlədʒi/) is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their palaeoecology). Palaeontologist observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The term itself originates from Greek παλαιός, palaios, i.e. "old, ancient", ὄν, on (gen. ontos), i.e. "being, creature" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "speech, thought, study".

Palaeontology lies on the border between biology and geology, but differs from archaeology in that it excludes the study of anatomically modern humans. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics and engineering. Use of all these techniques has enabled palaeontologists to discover much of the evolutionary history of life, almost all the way back to when Earth became capable of supporting life, about 3,800 million years ago. As knowledge has increased, palaeontology has developed specialised sub-divisions, some of which focus on different types of fossil organisms while others study ecology and environmental history, such as ancient climates.

Body fossils and trace fossils are the principal types of evidence about ancient life, and geochemical evidence has helped to decipher the evolution of life before there were organisms large enough to leave body fossils. Estimating the dates of these remains is essential but difficult: sometimes adjacent rock layers allow radiometric dating, which provides absolute dates that are accurate to within 0.5%, but more often palaeontologists have to rely on relative dating by solving the "jigsaw puzzles" of biostratigraphy. Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult, as many do not fit well into the Linnean taxonomy that is commonly used for classifying living organisms, and palaeontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary "family trees". The final quarter of the 20th century saw the development of molecular phylogenetics, which investigates how closely organisms are related by measuring how similar the DNA is in their genomes. Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend. ...more

Palaeontology Books

The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs: A New History of a Lost World

The Rise and Reign of the Mammals: A New History, from the Shadow of the Dinosaurs to Us – A Bestselling Book on the Natural History of Mammalian Evolution

Your Inner Fish: a Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body

Dinosaurs Rediscovered: The Scientific Revolution in Paleontology (The Rediscovered Series)

Otherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds

Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History

The Last Days of the Dinosaurs: An Asteroid, Extinction, and the Beginning of Our World

The Great Dinosaur Debate: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction

When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time

The Tyrannosaur Chronicles: The Biology of the Tyrant Dinosaurs

The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times

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Lists

When Life Nearly Died by Michael J. Benton

Life on a Young Planet by Andrew H. Knoll

The 10 Books You Absolutely Must Read to Understand the History of Earth

29 books — 24 voters

Mary Anning's Curiosity by Monica Kulling

Mary Anning and the Sea Dragon by Jeannine Atkins

Stone Girl, Bone Girl by Laurence Anholt

Mary Anning - Fiction & Non-Fiction

23 books — 13 voters

Best Dinosaur Books

191 books — 319 voters

The Dinosaurs of Waterhouse Hawkins by Barbara Kerley

Encyclopedia Prehistorica by Robert Sabuda

A Night in the Dinosaur Graveyard by A.J. Wood

Picture Books About Dinosaurs

88 books — 18 voters

The Clan of the Cave Bear by Jean M. Auel

Neanderthals and Other Nonhuman Hominids

131 books — 57 voters

Dinosaurs Before Dark by Mary Pope Osborne

Dinosaurs: early chapter books through YA

58 books — 5 voters

Related Genres

Science
Biology
Archaeology
Dinosaurs
Geology

Fossils
Scieñce
Sciençe
Fossil Hunting

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Quotes Tagged “Palaeontology”

“ Why did Dodgson just stand there like that? That's not the way to act around predators. You get caught around lions, you make a lot of noise, wave your hands around, throw things at them. Try to scare them off. You don't just stand there." "He probably read the wrong research paper. There's been a theory going around that tyrannosaurs can only see movement. A guy named Roxton made casts of rex braincases, and concluded tyrannosaurs had the brain of a frog." "Roxton is an idiot. He doesn't know ...more ”
― Michael Crichton, The Lost World

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“ Nature has a habit of placing some of her most attractive treasures in places where it is difficult to locate and obtain them. ”
― Charles Doolittle Walcott

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