“Part of why this occurs is what's referred to as the illusion of fluency. Typically, when current learning feels fluent or effortless, students think that learning and retention will be effortless and easy in the future.3 In this example, it is precisely the repeated re-reading of material (an easy learning activity) that gives students an illusion of fluency, resulting in much higher JOLs for final test performance. In contrast, when learning activities are challenging, students' predictions of their own learning are more realistic and accurate.”