The History Book Club discussion
note: This topic has been closed to new comments.
ARCHIVE
>
PAMELA'S 50 BOOKS READ IN 2018
date
newest »
newest »
JANUARY1.
by Hédi Kaddour (no photo)Finished: January 4, 2018
Genre: Modern Foreign Fiction
Rating: B
Review: Hédi Kaddour in Les Prépondérants or The Influence Peddlers has written a clever and witty novel about colonialism, arrogance, and the clash of cultures and history in a 1920's village in the Maghreb. He has gathered together the "usual suspects", so to speak, French bureaucrats, military officers, Arab tribal chiefs, religious leaders, young socialist revolutionaries, women both conservative and "uppity", intellectuals. Then, just to spice things up a bit, he's thrown in an American movie company who have come to the desert to make the latest sheik movie. Not only have they brought along their ideas of freedom and equality for everyone, but they brought with them a whole troop of scantily clad flappers and bag loads of money and booze. This surely upsets the Arab community but it doesn't do much for French equilibrium either.
No one escapes in this well-done look at the dangers of colonialism and racial and gender prejudice in the early 20th century. The parallels with our own times are evident. Hédi Kaddour is a previous Prix Goncourt winner and Les Prépondérants was the 2015 winner of the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française
2.
by
Anne ApplebaumFinished: January 15, 2018
Genre: History, Pulitzer Non-Fiction
Rating: C
Review: I expected to like this much more than I finally did. It was well and extensively researched and dealt with every conceivable aspect of the Soviet prison camp system from 1918 until its end. Unfortunately, Ms. Applebaum suffers from a unique ability to say basically the same thing in a multiplicity of diverse ways until you become so caught up in the minutiae of the bureaucracy she's describing that you lose sight of the horror. Each camp begins to sound very much like another and each new project devised by Stalin is just as bizarre as the last one. Applebaum points out several times that the intention was not the same as Hitler's. There was not the intent to deliberately kill these inmates; they died mainly due to indifference and neglect but is that really enough of a point to make a moral distinction? They were dead all the same and for the same reason. They were not fed enough, not given enough health care and worked until they died. Those that managed to survive did it through some strange twist of fate, or act of god, or sheer ability to hold out. Who knows. One of the things that Ms. Applebaum does point out is that many of the same things that were going on in the camps also went on in Soviet society at large. Shortages, fear, disarray was the order of the day. The inherent incompetence of the Soviet system itself finally brought it down.
3,
by
J.A. BakerFinish date: January 18, 2018
Genre: Memoir, Non-Fiction
Rating: A
Review: When J.A. Baker published this book in 1967, it turned the world of birding upside down. He was not a naturalist or a previously published birder. He was, by his own admission, new to birding and his book is based on diaries he kept of ten years of following a pair of peregrine hawks in the fields and marshes of Essex near Chelmsford, in Kent his home in England. These are not day to day reminiscences but rather a detailed compilation of the ten years written in astoundingly beautiful prose poetry by a man whose formal schooling ended at 16.
His goal became, increasingly, not just to observe these creatures and their habitat but to become, in some sense, one with the peregrines. He becomes obsessive about their habits of flight, their daily treks and above all, their kills. At the time of his writing, the peregrines were dying out as were many of the birds Baker observed due to the use of pesticides in England and he notes many examples of dead and dying birds that he comes across as he roams through the land.
I am not normally interested in naturalist books but this one was so highly praised that I couldn't resist. We have hawks here in Georgia and, in fact, have a mated pair in the woods next to our yard. Occasionally the falcon will light in the cherry tree by the window off the kitchen sink and I will look up to see her watching me. They are beautiful and watching them in flight is a pure joy so I couldn't pass this one up. It's very short and worth every minute. The language is unbelievably rich and beautiful and Mr. Baker's love for his land and these birds is unmistakable. It's really too bad that he did not live long enough to realize the remarkable recovery that the peregrines have made.
4.
by Laura C. Martin (no photo)Finish date: January 20, 2018
Genre: History, Non-Fiction
Rating: C
Review: A nice overview of tea and all that goes into the growing and production of it and the history of where and how it is produced. Nothing too deep or earth-shattering here. The story is followed from its beginnings in China and traces its trail from Buddhist monks to Japan and Korea and its appearance throughout the rest of the world due to traders trying to grow the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, in places as diverse as Southeast Asia, Assam in India, Kenya, Argentina, Ceylon(Sri Lanka), and even South Carolina in the US. There are chapters on tea blends, tea equipment, ceremonies, and parties. The appendixes are interesting as they contain many different varieties of teas and various herbal tisanes and their uses for medicinal purposes.
This is definitely more a book for the tea drinker (which I am) than for the historian. I would have liked more on the Opium Wars and the plantation system than there was but altogether it was nicely done.
5.
by David Herbert Donald (no photo)Finish date: January 22, 2018
Genre: American History, Pulitzer Non-Fiction
Rating: B
Review: This 1960 biography presents a very interesting and readable history of one of the great anti-slavery orators of his day. Charles Sumner was a Harvard educated lawyer who eventually became a Senator from Massachusetts and is mainly famous to us for having been physically attacked in 1856 on the floor of the Senate by U.S. Rep. Preston Brooks of South Carolina. Senator Sumner had, two days previously, given a speech against the Kansas-Nebraska Act introduced by Stephen Douglas (Dem.Ill) and Andrew Butler (Dem. So.Car.) in which he had seriously insulted both Butler and the state of South Carolina. Brooks, a cousin of Butler's, decided to avenge the insult by challenging Sumner to a duel but decided that the man deserved caning instead since he did not consider him a social equal. This was in keeping with the southern code duello, a code of honor for gentlemen at the time. The outcome was that Brooks beat Sumner severely with his cane, created a huge controversy and the nation was divided sectionally over who had the right of it.
It took Sumner a very long time to recover but he did return to the Senate and continued his work against slavery and during and after the Civil War advocated for freedom and equality for the blacks.
6.
by Helena Frith Powell (no photo)Finish date: January 23, 2018
Genre: Memoir, Non-Fiction
Rating: B
Review: A very enjoyable and witty read about the women of Paris in particular and France in general. When we lived in Darmstadt, we used to go to Paris quite often as the drive was fairly short and my husband and I often remarked on how attractive women of all ages seemed as we watched them move about the streets. I hope it is still the same although I have read that they are also experiencing an increase in obesity rates. If so, that's a shame. Based on the chapters in the book, there's a lot more to looking so stylish than a pair of black slacks and a Hermes scarf! A lot of hard work and discipline is involved.
After finishing the book, I think I'm ready to buy two lipsticks, a boatload of matching, extremely expensive lingerie and toss out any tennis shoes I may still have in favor of dainty looking flats (heels at my age are a death sentence). A fun book!
7.
by
C.E. MorganFinish date: January 25, 2018
Genre: Historical Fiction. Pulitzer Fiction
Rating: B+
Review: I honestly don't quite where to start with this one. There is so much to say about it and I have no idea if I would be right about any of it. In the first place, it's long. It was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize last year and I can honestly say I can understand why it didn't win. It's very good but it's very hard to understand and follow. It's about so many things and horse racing is only a vehicle to tell the story and only part of it at that. It's a family saga, of sorts, but the story really centers around three main characters - Henry Forge, his daughter Henrietta, and an African-American named Allmon Shaughnessy. They become tied together through a thoroughbred named Hellsmouth and an attempt to win the Kentucky Derby.
That's the story but beyond all of that are themes of slavery, white supremacy and greed, racial divide, gender, poverty, cruelty, lust and depravity, breeding with its good and bad results, incest, revenge and, finally, love and the meaning of joy. Add to this the power of words and the way Ms. Morgan uses them, like a tsunami hitting a beach, and the result is an enormously good and complicated work.
Some of the critics have compared her work in this to earlier American Southern classics but I didn't find them a perfect fit. It is a Southern gothic, yet her writing style seems unique to me. I couldn't stop reading this yet I wasn't even sure I was enjoying it. I needed to find out what would happen but I didn't much like any of the many characters and I really disliked the ending. Still, it's powerful writing, a compelling story, beautiful descriptions. The interludes between the chapters are full of information that seemingly have little relation to the story but actually do and the descriptions of horse races are wonderful. It's a tough nut to crack but worth it. I think.
8.
by
Jacqueline WinspearFinish date: January 27, 2018
Genre: Historical Fiction, Thriller
Rating: B
Review: Maise Dobbs has finally returned to England and begun to put her life back together after her personal tragedies and her adventures in Gibralter and Spain. Before she can get settled though, she is called on by the Intelligence service for another "favor" and finds herself suddenly enmeshed in a top secret operation in Munich. She must pretend to be the daughter of an industrialist who has been imprisoned in Dachau for two years that the Nazis have finally allowed to be released to a family member and whom the British desperately want back. Will it actually go as easily as everyone assures her? Somehow, she doubts it.
Jacqueline Winspear crafts another in the Maisie Dobbs series with her excellent ability to lead a reader seamlessly into the period between the wars. The first time I read one of these I kept checking back to the copyright page for the publisher's date as I was sure it had to have been from the era. Not so. This author simply captures this time period that well. Her characters walk, talk, eat in restaurants, ride in trains all in such a natural manner that you are drawn in with them. Large events take place, in this case, the Anschluss, and the characters react to this news or don't as they would have normally. For the few hours it takes to read one of Winspear's books, the present fades away and you become one of her characters. A very satisfying experience.
9.
by
Jacqueline WinspearFinish date: January 29, 2018
Genre: Historical Fiction, Mystery
Rating: B
Review: Same as always. Very good. This time Maisie is solving a series of murders originating from WWI as WWII is declared.
Mod
Mod
by
Celeste NgFinish date: January 31, 2018
Genre: Fiction
Rating: C
Review: It took me all month to finally finish this book. One, I was listening to it rather than reading, so every time I turned it off, it became a case of 'out of sight, out of mind' which is pretty much how the story itself seemed to me. Nothing about it really grabbed me until the last few chapters.
Basically, this is a story about choices and what happens after we make them and what we do about that. The main part of it takes place in Shaker Heights, a planned community in Ohio and concerns the Richardsons and their tenants, Mia and Pearl Warren. Shaker Heights is a place of rules and a certain specific way of doing things. Its residents think this makes life better, more perfect, nicer. For most of the people who live here, it does. Lawns are regulated, house colors are regulated, behaviors are regulated. Or, at least, they are kept private. Mia, however, is an artist and she has never much cared what people think about how she lives her life and whether it fits into the rules or not. This attitude is particularly vexing for Mrs. Richardson. The characters, adults, and teenagers come into continual conflict over large and small things until it all comes undone by the end.
Unfortunately, even though this is a book about choices every character is running from some personal choice they have made either now or in the distant past and they keep right on running so the end turns out rather unsatisfactorily. Either they run away from home, get in the car and drive out of town or think about something else. A good enough story but you're left thinking, "Okay. So what was the point of that?".
FEBRUARY11.
by
Simon Sebag MontefioreDate finished: February 10, 2018
Genre; Biography, History, Non-Fiction
Rating: C
Review: Most of this book is an endless repetition of Stalin's escapades as a gangster, bank robber, fundraiser for Lenin and womanizer. It does deal with his early youth in his home village of Gori, his poor and abusive family background and his years at the seminary (also abusive). The rest is one continual episode of gangsterism, and brutal behavior after another as he grows to be, well. Stalin. Names become a befuddlement after awhile and not really worth keeping track of. Most of them wind up dead eventually in the Terror after Stalin becomes ruler of all Russia. The same with all of his various aliases. We are told about his every assignation with "buxom peasant women" and several referred to as a "highly sexed Marxist temptress". Interspersed in all of this are some actual interesting facts - meeting Lenin, developing a strong and violent revolutionary fervor, his sincere dedication to Marxist-Leninist philosophy, etc. Part Five is especially important as it deals with the Revolution itself and how he actually became so highly placed in it. The most interesting parts were the reasons why he became such a favorite of Lenin's. Once you understand the background of these men, it's easy to see why so much death followed them.
12.
by
James W. LoewenFinish date: February 13, 2018
Genre: American History, Non-Fiction
Rating: C
Review: There was a lot of very good information in this but there were also a lot of problems with it. The expression "sundown town" refers to those towns and/or counties that had a policy of keeping black people out, most notoriously by posting a sign at the edges that stated, "N----r Don't Let The Sun Set On Your Head". Surprisingly, for most people, this was not actually a Southern phenomenon but occurred mostly in Northern and Midwestern states. After Reconstruction ended, Northerners preferred to totally eliminate blacks from their lives, while southern people still expected African Americans to do the menial work in their towns, houses, and gardens so the separation was never as complete.
Professor Loewen has included a massive amount of research and statistics in this book. In fact, he has tried to include too much and made it far too broad to comprehend. He strays from the subject of sundown towns, in particular, post-reconstruction and begins to include any and all exclusions, such as Asians, Native Americans, and Mexicans as well. Then, he also tracks it well past its heydays ending with the civil rights act of 1964 all the way to the present. While all that information is important in a discussion of integration itself it goes too far beyond the single subject of Sundown Towns. Finally, much of the information he uses is anecdotal. Interesting, no doubt, but hardly proof. The end result is a book that is interesting but way too long and far outstrips its subject matter.
13.
by
John ChristopherFinish date: February 13, 2018
Genre: Post-Apocalyptic, Sci-Fi
Rating: B
Review: A tightly written, well-crafted sci-fi, post-apocalyptic 1956 novel that has since become a classic. Written by British author Samual Youd using a pen name, it's a quick read but with well-developed characters and a fast-moving plot. A virus develops that begins in China and attacks and kills all varieties of grass including wheat, rice, barley, rye, etc. which also leads to the death of the animals that feed on grains. It spreads across the globe as man tries to stop it unsuccessfully. Society quickly dissolves, even in super civilized England where our band of characters tries to survive. Given the anxiety of climate change and the environment today, this 62-year-old novel still holds up really well.
14.
by
Edward J. LarsonFinish date: February 22, 2018
Genre: American History, Non-Fiction, Pulitzer
Rating: A
Review: "It's déjà vu all over again.", as the wag said and that's the feeling you wind up with after finishing Edward J. Larson's Summer For the Gods: The Scope's Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion. The arguments and counter-arguments discussed in this excellent book about the famous "Monkey" trial of 1925 recur again and again in our own time. I have no doubt that there are court cases winding their way through the judicial maze even now concerning the teaching of evolution in public schools. It is a constant hot button issue for a segment of American citizens.
In the 1920's the ACLU was interested in freedom of speech and expression issues and when the Butler Act was passed in Tennessee, they became interested in developing a test case. They offered to defend any teacher charged for teaching the descent of man from Darwin's Theory of Evolution. Dayton, Tennessee, on the other hand, saw the offer as an opportunity to garner publicity for their town and persuaded a substitute biology teacher, John Scopes, to become the defendant. Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan promptly came on board, offering their services for respectively, the defense and the prosecution. Each had their own personal ax to grind. The game was now on. The spectacle had now begun.
The book is divided neatly into Before, During, and After. It covers all the issues in detail and if most of your information comes from the movie versions of this trial, you will be amazed and surprised at how much more interesting this story really is. Complex in its arguments and pertinent to today's headlines as well, this one is a definite Don't Miss!
Mod
MARCH15.
by
Leon F. LitwackFinish date: March 8, 2018
Genre: American History
Rating: A
Review: In studying the history of the Civil War, it is so easy to divide it neatly into its major events: the war itself, the Emancipation Proclamation, the assassination of Lincoln, reconstruction, the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, and finally, reconciliation. What's missing here and in most general histories are the slaves themselves - that generation of people most affected by all of this who suddenly found themselves "free". There were almost four million men and women in bondage by the time of the Civil War and at its end, they were suddenly free to do whatever they wished and go wherever they pleased. Or were they?
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery tells their story in those crucial years from April 1865 until the imposition of Radical Reconstruction which began in 1867. Most of the story is told by the slaves themselves as Mr. Litwack draws a great deal of his information from the slave interviews conducted in the 1930's by the Federal Writers Project undertaken at that time. He left them in the patois spoken by the slaves and declined to have then "cleaned up" into grammatically correct English and this decision makes their statements and recollections of their days in slavery and the immediate aftermath all the more powerful.
These early years were chaotic and troublesome yet full of hope on the side of the former slaves and filled with fear of what might happen on both sides as they tried to work out a new way of life and a new economy for the South. There was much anger and some violence. The joy experienced by the former slaves in their new status was so palpable that it still leaps off the pages even now. Reading this, it seemed that for one moment in time there could have been a chance for the South to take a different path. I wish it had done so.
16.
by
Helen SimonsonFinish date: March 8, 2018
Genre: Fiction
Rating: A
Review: Wonderful romantic comedy about a retired British Major who gradually and unexpectedly finds himself falling in love with the kind and gracious Anglo-Pakistani woman who runs Edgecomb St. Mary's local shop. As everything else in both of their lives starts to fall apart, they find a deepening comfort in each other. Complete with a cast of quirky characters from three different cultures, this story takes a number of odd twists that are hysterically funny yet make sense within the parameters of the story. The chapters on the Mughal Empire costume ball at the Edgecomb St. Mary's Club is worth the price of the book alone. I listened on audio and the English accented description made it positively priceless!
17.
by
Nella LarsenFinish date: March 10, 2018
Genre: Classics, Fiction
Rating: A
Review: Two elegantly dressed women, once childhood friends, accidentally meet again in the tea room of the Drayton Hotel in Chicago in 1927. They are both "passing". Irene Redfield, from Harlem in New York, passes for white only to take occasional advantage of the minor benefits i.e., taxis, theater tickets, and upscale restaurants and hotels. Clare Bellew, on the other hand, has been living her adult life as a white woman and no one, not even her racist husband knows she is a Negroe. Thus begins Nella Larson's intricate novel Passing.
It is difficult to say more about the story without giving away the things that make it such an interesting book to read. It is not the usual tale of someone pretending to be white in order to escape the degradations heaped on black people at this time. No. Clare simply wants to enjoy the wealth and economic benefits of being white. She actually longs to be among her own people again and plans to use Irene as an entry back into the black community. This is what so worries Irene as she fears the danger to Clare of discovery. Eventually, she discovers other worries as well.
Written in 1929, during the Harlem Renaissance, Passing doesn't just look at racial issues but also examines the complexities of friendship, sexuality, and jealousy. The book is very short, the story is tautly written and the tension builds ever more swiftly until it reaches its tragic conclusion. That it will end in a tragedy is seen from the first but Ms. Larson's ending is a true shocker.
Mod
18.
by
Jessica BruderFinish date: March 11, 2018
Genre: Non-Fiction
Rating: B
Review: After reading Jessica Bruder's Nomadland: Surviving America in the Twenty-First Century, I will never be able to drive into Wall-Mart's parking lot or the lot of any open all night grocery store or the like without looking to see if there are a couple of vans parked somewhere on the outer edges. And I certainly will never feel the same way about ordering from Amazon again. I won't be able to look at an RV no matter the size and wonder if it really would be fun to travel the open road and live in one of those mobile campers. This book exposes a whole underclass of American citizens, mainly elderly, white, no longer employable in today's regular economy who have fallen out of the middle class. They have chosen to become "houseless" not homeless and roam across the country doing a series of temporary jobs and living off the grid in a variety of vehicles from luxury RV's that they are stuck still paying for, to old campers from decades ago to refurbished vans, stripped to serve as psuedo homes.
These new vagabonds lost their economic way mainly as a result of the Great Recession that began in 2008. When the mortgage industry tanked they may have lost homes, and with the market downturn, jobs as well. Since most were already in their 50's and 60's getting new jobs of equal value or jobs of any value was difficult, if not impossible, especially for the women. Now in their 70's, they take jobs as camp hosts at the National Parks for maybe $8.50 during the summer where the heat is sweltering and they may work 10-12 hour days but only get paid for 8. Then it's on to Amazon warehouses for seasonal work. Good pay but immensely hard work walking sometimes 17 miles a day on concrete floors and squatting up to a thousand times a night placing goods on shelves. Amazon places ibuprofen dispensers in the aisles free of charge!
It is hard to say, after finishing this, just where to lay the blame. Everywhere and Nowhere. Some are in this fix because of a lifetime of poor decision making. Some due to bad habits, bad luck, too much pride, too stubborn. Still, a lot of it has to do with the way we are structuring the modern economy. Short term gains, an emphasis on wealth as the only measure of success and declining compassion for others. So long as the people affected remain out of sight and out of mind, we will continue to ignore these obvious problems until they begin to tear all of us and the entire country apart.
19.
by
Jesse BallFinish date: March 12, 2018
Genre: Fiction, Mystery
Rating: C+
Review: It's very difficult to come up with what to make of Jesse Ball's novel Silence Once Begun or even decide whether or not I liked it very much. It's that peculiar. Jesse Ball has won several awards, a Guggenheim Fellowship and gets great reviews in prestigious journals so I guess what I'm saying is he writes serious fiction.
Silence Once Begun is narrated by a character whose name also happens to be Jesse Ball and we learn right away that he set out to write this book because his wife suddenly stopped talking. In the course of trying to research why, he discovered the story of Oda Sotatsu, Jito Joo, and Sato Kakuzo. When we first meet him, Oda Sotatsu is basically a nonentity, a thread seller, who meets the other two, the girl Jito Joo and the man Sato in a bar. They drink and begin to flip cards and make a strange wager. Whoever loses will sign a confession and Jito Joo would bring it to the police station. Oda loses, signs and goes home. It is unclear if he knows what he signed or not but the next morning he is arrested for the Narito disappearances a series of terrible instances where 11 elderly persons have gone missing and are presumed to be dead. Oda Sotatsu never speaks again.
Jesse Ball, the author has a sparse type of writing style that is actually very soothing to read and the first half follows a journalistic pattern. Later, the book takes a turn towards a more prose poetry style with more descriptive and flowery narrative. There are several themes that seem to be going on here, isolation, how we define ourselves, loneliness. Mostly the emphasis seems to be on the justice system and whether or not it actually produces justice or simply seeks order. As I said, I can't say I loved this book but I never wanted to quit reading either and I certainly was curious as to how far the author would take it. The story is easy to follow and can be finished in a couple of hours. It definitely makes you think.
20.
by
James AgeeFinish date: March 17, 2018
Genre: Classics, Fiction, Pulitzer Fiction
Rating: A
Review: Published posthumously in 1957, James Agee's autobiographical novel about his father's untimely death won the Pulitzer Prize in 1958 and is considered one of the greatest lyrical expressions of the effects of death ever written.
Besides deaing with the death of husband Jay (Agee's father) and its effects on his wife, Mary and two children, the book also deals with the loneliness of 6-year-old Rufus (Agee himself) who was just old enough to be establishing a relationship with his father. Agee also explored religious themes, especially Catholicism, in Mary and her brother Andrew's questioning of their faith as a result of the accident and the behavior of a priest during the funeral. Everything in the novel tracked very closely with things that happened when Agee's father died when he was 6.
The writing here is beautiful and powerful. The book was edited but left basically as Agee had left it and that is a somewhat unfinished state. There are two editions as a result but the original is still the best.
This topic has been frozen by the moderator. No new comments can be posted.
The History Book Club
Books mentioned in this topic
A Death in the Family (other topics)Silence Once Begun (other topics)
Nomadland: Surviving America in the Twenty-First Century (other topics)
Passing (other topics)
Major Pettigrew's Last Stand (other topics)
More...
Authors mentioned in this topic
James Agee (other topics)Jesse Ball (other topics)
Jessica Bruder (other topics)
Nella Larsen (other topics)
Celeste Ng (other topics)
More...
Please follow the standard required format below - I hope you enjoy your reading in 2018. Here is also a link for assistance with the required guidelines:
Link:
https://www.goodreads.com/topic/show/...
Our Required Format:
JANUARY
1.
Finish date: January 2018
Genre: (whatever genre the book happens to be)
Rating: A
Review: You can add text from a review you have written but no links to any review elsewhere even goodreads. And that is about it. Just make sure to number consecutively and just add the months.
IMPORTANT - THE REVIEW SHOULD BE SHORT AND SWEET - THERE ARE NO LINKS OF ANY KIND IN THE BODY OF THE REVIEW ALLOWED. NONE. DO NOT REFER TO ANY OTHER BOOK IN YOUR BRIEF REVIEW. THE ONLY BOOK CITED IN YOUR REVIEW IS THE ONE YOU ARE REVIEWING - NO OTHERS. ALL LINKS TO OTHER THREADS OR REVIEWS ARE DELETED IMMEDIATELY - THERE WILL BE NO WARNING. WE CONSIDER THIS SELF PROMOTION AND IT IS NOT ALLOWED AND IS IN VIOLATION OF OUR RULES AND GUIDELINES.