He implicitly takes this ahistorical stance and justifies it with a metaphor that comes up frequently in his writing and debates. For example, in Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting, he asks us to imagine a footrace where
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“Modern Westerners are taught to scoff at the idea of racial hierarchy. They are shocked by laws prohibiting blacks to live in white neighbourhoods, or to study in white schools, or to be treated in white hospitals. But the hierarchy of rich and poor – which mandates that rich people live in separate and more luxurious neighbourhoods, study in separate and more prestigious schools, and receive medical treatment in separate and better-equipped facilities – seems perfectly sensible to many Americans and Europeans. Yet it’s a proven fact that most rich people are rich for the simple reason that they were born into a rich family, while most poor people will remain poor throughout their lives simply because they were born into a poor family.”
― Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
― Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
“There is one logical way of solving the riddle: to argue that there is a single omnipotent God who created the entire universe – and He’s evil. But nobody in history has had the stomach for such a belief.”
― Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
― Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
“The notion that we have limited access to the workings of our minds is difficult to accept because, naturally, it is alien to our experience, but it is true: you know far less about yourself than you feel you do.”
― Thinking, Fast and Slow
― Thinking, Fast and Slow
“Ever more scholars see cultures as a kind of mental infection or parasite, with humans as its unwitting host.”
― Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
― Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
“Summer friends will melt away like summer snows, but winter friends are friends forever.”
― A Dance with Dragons
― A Dance with Dragons
Üstün’s 2025 Year in Books
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