“The possibility of incorrect results in the presence of unlucky timing is so important in concurrent programming that it has a name: a race condition. A race condition occurs when the correctness of a computation depends on the relative timing or interleaving of multiple threads by the runtime; in other words, when getting the right answer relies on lucky timing.”
― Java Concurrency in Practice
― Java Concurrency in Practice
“Whenever more than one thread accesses a given state variable, and one of them might write to it, they all must coordinate their access to it using synchronization.”
― Java Concurrency in Practice
― Java Concurrency in Practice
“Debugging tip: For server applications, be sure to always specify the -server JVM command line switch when invoking the JVM, even for development and testing. The server JVM performs more optimization than the client JVM, such as hoisting variables out of a loop that are not modified in the loop; code that might appear to work in the development environment (client JVM) can break in the deployment environment (server JVM).”
― Java Concurrency in Practice
― Java Concurrency in Practice
“It is far easier to design a class to be thread-safe than to retrofit it for thread safety later.”
― Java Concurrency in Practice
― Java Concurrency in Practice
“Compound actions on shared state, such as incrementing a hit counter (read-modify-write) or lazy initialization (check-then-act), must be made atomic to avoid race conditions. Holding a lock for the entire duration of a compound action can make that compound action atomic. However, just wrapping the compound action with a synchronized block is not sufficient; if synchronization is used to coordinate access to a variable, it is needed everywhere that variable is accessed. Further, when using locks to coordinate access to a variable, the same lock must be used wherever that variable is accessed.”
― Java Concurrency in Practice
― Java Concurrency in Practice
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