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Aggressive Behaviour

The term aggressive behaviour is used in so many different ways that no single definition can possibly cover all of its meanings. Behaviour that serves to injure an opponent or a prey animal, or to cause an opponent to retreat, is usually considered aggressive. When considering human aggression, some psychiatrists consider any act that has destructive consequences (including suicide) to be ...

Liability of principal for acts of agents. Continental-European law classifies the undertaking of transactions in the place of another s "agency' only when they are legal. It excludes other acts, including unlawful acts, so that when dealing with the law of agency, the rules concerning the liability of a master for the torts of his servant do not come into consideration.

Disclosed and undisclosed agency. Continental European laws restrict the application of agency rules to cases where the agent acts openly in another's name. Thus , French jurists infer from article 1984 of their Code Civil, according to which agency is the act of the agent pour de mandate et en son nom ("for and on behalf of the principal"), the negative conclusion that in case an agent does not disclose that...

The variety of forms of Anglo-American agency. Various kinds of agency relationships are evident in Anglo-American commercial life. The factor and the poker are the most common mercantile agents dealing in transactions involving personal property. The factor is entrusted with possession of the chattels to be sold, or the documents of title thereto, and is empowered to conclude the sale at the best price obtainable.

Nineteenth-century features: the effects of Laband's doctrine in the civil law countries. While the first practical treaties on agency in England, by William Paley, and in the United States, by Samuel Livermore and Joseph Story, appeared shortly after the beginning of the 19th century, in continental Europe the doctrines of the theoretical jurists continued to play their traditional leading role in the ...

Agency, Law of

The law of agency governs the legal relationship in which one person (the agent) deals with another (third party) on behalf of still another (the principal). The competent agent is legally capable of acting for this principal vis-á-vis the third party. Thus, the process of concluding a contract through an agent involves a twofold relationship,. On the one hand, the law of agency is concerned with ...

Agassiz, Louis

A 19th-century naturalist, geologist, and teacher who made revolutionary contributions to the study of natural science with landmark work on glacier activity and extinct fishes, Louis Agassiz achieved lasting fame through his innovative teaching methods, which were completely to alter the character of natural science eduction in the United States.
Agassiz was born on May 28, 1807, the son of the ...

The Stillbay and Lupemban industries. After about 35,000 years ago, when the Rhodesioids were being replaced by men of modern type, specialization of industries in different regions began to be more marked. The Stillbay tradition, with various local forms, is characteristic of the open country of eastern and Southern Africa, while in central and western Af4rica the Sangoan industry was succeeded by the Lupemban.

Changes at the end of the Early Stone Age. The climate in sub-Saharan Africa during this transitional period between the ESA and MSA was relatively dry, but throughout most of the MSA it was wetter and cooler than it had been during much of Acheulean times. This climatic information is derived from traces of higher lake levels and from pollen analysis at such sites as Florisbad and Kalambo Falls at the southern...

Kanjera man. Four fragmentary skulls found in 1932 at Kanjera, near Kanam, are also something of an enigma. Uranium tests confirm that they are contemporary with Middle Pleistocene fauna from the area and hence presumably with the Acheulean hand axes accompanying them. The skulls probably date back to at least 55,000 BC, the termination date in Africa for the Acheulean culture, but there is no way off telling how...

Africans, Prehistoric
The reconstruction of the prehistory of human or human-like (hominid) animals in sub-Saharan Africa is made easier than in many other parts of the world by a unique combination of circumstances. The tropical climate and environment suited hunter-gatherers so well that the area has been populated from the time of the earliest known appearance of hominids. Secondly, conditions for the ...

New associations and social stratification. Africa societies seem traditionally to have been relatively homogeneous in both ethnic and class terms: they were stable as far as the ranges of social scale ere concerned: they permitted little social mobility; and they admitted relatively little radical or rapid social change and adaption.
In recent years, however, there has been marked social mobility both ...

Patterns of settlement: village and town. Traditional African patterns of settlement vary with differences in landscape and ecology, communications, and warfare, The most widespread pattern has been that of scattered villages and hamlets, the homesteads of joint and extended families (see below), large enough for defence and domestic cooperation but rarely permanent because of the requirements of shifting

The colonial era. All the empires noted above were based on long-distance trade that involved the development to specialized economic institutions (markets, forms of coinage, tribute, and taxation) and forms of government (military protection and administrative bureaucracies). They were weakened and in many cases destroyed by the early Colonia powers from Europe and Arabia, who coveted trade and supplanted them...

Medieval Africa. The African Middle Ages was a period of large trading empires of kingdoms intermediate between the beginnings of the Iron Age and the advent of colonial rule by European and other powers.
In Western Africa there was a succession of powerful trading empires that controlled the trans-Sahara trade in gold, kola, and slaves from the south and in salt and metals from the north; they were almost...

Madagascar. Finally the island of Madagascar forms a distinct culture area. The various Malagasy tribes, of which the politically most important is the Merina, are of Indonesian origin, having migrated across the Indian Ocean probably during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
Races and languages. The racial and ethnic compositions of Africa are complex. The usually accepted classification of modern populations...

Eastern Africa. Eastern Africa contains several ecological and cultural areas. In the north and east are the arid Sudan and Somalia separated by the Ethiopian highlands; in the centre are the fertile areas of the Great Lakes (Victoria, Albert, Tanganyika, Nasa) and the highlands around Mounts Kenya and Kilimanjaro. The remainder consists of savanna with the depression of the Great Rift Valley running from north ...

CULTURES AND PEOPLES
Cultural areas. The basic units of African society have been—and in much of modern Africa still are—the ethnic groups: tribes, or peoples. They number almost 3,000, Most are not politically or economically independent social units but rather groups that have a common sense of culture and identity, especially in terms of a distinct language and religion. Boundaries between them are usually ...

African Peoples and Cultures
The continent of Africa, an area of almost 12,000,000 square miles (31,000,000 square kilometres), has over three-quarters of its land in the tropics. Its main climatic zones include the fertile, narrow Mediterranean littoral, with the Lower Nile Valley; the Sahara; the savanna zone along the southern borders of the desert, running from along the southern borders of the desert, running...

Northwest cultural area. The northwest Congo is a swampy river bed inhabited by non-Bantu tribes. A stylistic characteristic of the figures and masks carved by these tribes is a vertical plane of tattooed dots extending down the forehead to the nose. The Ngvaka (or Bwake) and the Ngbandi are the tribes of major artistic importance. There is no single Ngbaka sculptural style : at times the figures are fleshy and...

Northern cultural area. The tribes of the northern Congo live in an area of rain forest, where Thera re comparatively few centres of artistic and cultural activity. Unlike the majority of peoples in the southern half of the Congo, the northern tribal systems are ordered on a patrilineal system and exhibit an affinity for pole sculpture.
The Rega (Lega), who inhabit the area between the Luba and the northernmost

Kuba (or Bakuba) cultural area. The people who live in this central area of the Congo called themselves Bushongo, meaning Knife Throwers; and they were called Bakuba, People of Lightning, by neighbouring Luba tribes. Today, they are called Kuba, as is the whole cultural area. The. kingdoms of Kuba was as important in the history of the Congo as the kingdoms of Ice and Benin were to the history of Nigeria.

Lower Congo (Kongo or Bakongo) cultural area. In the Lower Congo (our Kongo) area three substyles can be identified: the areas known at the coastal region, the Kwango River area, and the Teke (Bateke) region.
Seated mother-and-child figures, round throughout the Lower Congo region, have been interpreted ny some scholar as reflections of Christian influence introduced b Portuguese missionaries who came to ...

CENTRAL AFRICAN CULTURES
Congolese cultures. Congolese visual arts are stylistically diverse and filled with what can be described in Western terms as spiritual and aesthetic vitality.f In Congolese traditional life, as in that of other areas of Africa, neither the creation of art nor the art objects themselves aer considered in such t=critical terms, for art is totally integrated into daily life...

Southern Bantu. The Zulu and related peoples of the southern Bantu made wooden figures that are mostly undistinguished and may have been executed under European influence. Attractive small clay models of cattle, made by children, occur here, as through much of eastern and southern Africa. Much artistic feeling is revealed in such decorative arts as basketry, pottery, wooden vessels, stools and headrests, ...

Region of Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika. The peoples living around Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika combine Bantu black and Hamitic elements, especially to the north, where a "Hamitic" aristocracy governed a Bantu peasantry.
A pottery head and torso from Luzira in Uganda (now in the British Museum), while probably not more than a few centuries old, is the oldest work of art known from this region an is thought ...

Ekoi-speaking peoples. The Ekoi-speaking peoples (Anyang, Boki, Ejagham, Kraka, and Yako) are best known for their large skin-covered masks, which have two or even three faces, and for their smaller headpieces, which represent a heard or an entire figure. The headpieces and masks have metal teeth, inlaid eyes, and frequently pegs to represent hair which, alternatively, may be carved in elaborate coils.