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Agassiz signaled that the poverty of the "inductivist" history opened the door to the nonsense speculations of common Marxism.

I start by recalling how Karl Popper, according to his own declaration, arrived to his criteria. He thought, like the best scientists of his time, that the Newton theory, though refuted, was a wonderful scientific gain, that the Einstein theory was better and that astrology, Freudianism and Marxism of 20th century were pseudoscience.

These are 4 theories on rationality of the scientific progress.

(4) the Lakatos methodology says that scientific revolutions consist in a investigation program replacing another one, ovecoming it progressively. The scientist registers the anomalies, but as long as his investigation program keeps its strength, he may leave aside the anomalies.

(3) methodological 'falsification' (by Karl Popper)': a theory is scientific if one can 'contrast' it with a basic enunciation and it must predict new facts.

(2) Convention; coherence of the whole is important, the system core is to be maintained as long as possible; it admits that false assumptions may have true consequences

FOUR LOGICS OF DISCOVERY


(1) Induction: a proposition must be proven by facts

Introduction.

Philosophy of science without history of science is empty; the history of science without the philosophy of science is blind.