Status Updates From Floods, Famines, And Empero...

Ch. 12 covers the effects that ENSO has had within the last century and how it continued through the Little Ice Age that was initially forecasted, but never appeared due to anthropomorphic climate change. We see the acts of governments to make predictions of ENSO episodes so that they may act to reduce the effects of dry spells, despite some doubts from the public when predictions don't arrive immediately on time.

Ch. 11 covers the cycle of famine in Africa as ITCZ makes its transitions. For those that utilize the Sahel, a stretch of grasslands that borders the Sahara to the north, consideration had been given with drought. With the institution of colonialism and the eventual turn towards modernization, much of the considerations Sahel ancestors had towards the land are not present and continued famine has been the result.

Fagan switches from the deleterious effects of El Nino and discusses the Little Ice Age's effects on Europe. What isn't explored is whether El Nino is completely halted during this period, or if it has exacerbated or muted the chill in select years. Ch. 10 ends with 20th century cooling that led some to believe the onset of another Ice Age was inevitable but could been held off due to anthropomorphic climate change.