Truls Ljungström’s Reviews > Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice, 2nd Edition > Status Update

Monopolprisreglering med mål AC.

The producer, Pfizer, challenged this ban on the basis that there was insufficient scientific evidence to justify the use of the precautionary principle. The European Court of First Instance backed the ban, but placed emphasis on the importance of there being scientific knowl- edge (provided by technocratic regulatory agencies) that would justify the application of the precautionary principle.

European cartel office: The provisions were ‘revolutionary’ in a number of ways. First, the reforms moved from an ex ante centralized notification system to an ex post decentralized deterrence regime. This placed responsibility on firms to formulate agreements that were in compliance with EU competition law.

The fourth, ‘ad hoc’, view of multi-level regulation regards all such debates with a degree of scepticism. Instead, it contends that multi-level regulation is characterized by ad hoc responses to particular problems and that there is not much consistency across different regimes.

The ‘deliberative’ perspective stresses the capacity of multi-level regulation to deliver opportunities for increased deliberation and bargaining among actors—and to do so where participation cuts across institutional boundaries.

forts. Another, very different, line of thought emphasizes the importance of subsidiarity. The subsidiarity principle, historically used by the Roman Catholic Church to suggest that welfare provision should start with the family before states (or other institutions) should become involved, advocates that the default position for locating regulatory functions is the lowest level possible, /

From the ‘polycentricity’ perspective, decentralization is inherently more
desirable than ‘large-scale organization’. This perspective emphasizes the
benefits of market-type processes that are created through regulatory competition.

4 Olika tankestrukturer.
The ‘quasi-federal’ perspective would suggest that regulation should be allocated across levels of government according to particular decision-rules, with supranational/international problems being dealt with at the interna- tional level.