Elaine S’s Reviews > What's Wrong?: Personal Histories of Chronic Pain and Bad Medicine > Status Update

“As pain became another quantifiable measure of disease, a patient’s description of their suffering was no longer considered “truth” until it had been validated by a physician, who had the authority to manipulate it in the production of scientific knowledge. This dynamic was particularly problematic because of physicians’ demonstrable bias toward non-normative (white male) bodies.”

From What's Wrong?