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In 2025, I taught a course titled “Can Machines Think? ChatGPT, Modern AI and the Turing Test”. In preparation, I read a lot of philosophy of mind\cognitive science, as well as investigating the current state of AI and ethical considerations with regIn 2025, I taught a course titled “Can Machines Think? ChatGPT, Modern AI and the Turing Test”. In preparation, I read a lot of philosophy of mind\cognitive science, as well as investigating the current state of AI and ethical considerations with regard to AI.
Here’s the bibliography for each week of the course:
SESSION 1: The Turing Test Turney, Drew. 2024. "GPT-4 has passed the Turing test, researchers claim" Jones and Bergen. 2024. “People cannot distinguish GPT-4 from a human in a Turing test” Moore-Colyer, Roland. 2025. “GPT-4.5 is the first AI model to pass an authentic Turing test, scientists say” Jones and Bergen. 2025. “Large Language Models Pass the Turing Test” Biever, Celeste. 2023. “ChatGPT Broke the Turing Test” in Nature Scott, Cameron. 2024. “Study finds ChatGPT’s latest bot behaves like humans, only better”
Turing, Alan. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Hofsteadter, Douglas. 1981. “The Turing Test: A Coffee House Conversations” in The Mind’s I Dennett, Dan. 1985. “Can Machines Think?” and Postscripts 1985 & 1997 in Brainchildren Dennett, Dan, 1997. “Can Machines Think: Deep Blue and Beyond” French, Robert. 2000. “Peeking Behind the Screen: The Unsuspected Power of the Turing Test” Searle, John. 1980. “Minds, Brains, and Programs.” Hofsteadter, Douglas. 1981. “Reflections” on Searle’s Minds, Brains and Programs in The Mind’s I Dennet, Dan. “The Chinese Room”, #60 in Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking (BD31 .D46 2013) Dennet, Dan. 1987. “Thinking Fast” in The Intentional Stance
Dennett, Dan. 1984. “The Logical Geography of Computational Approaches: A View from the East Pole” in Brainchildren Dennett, Dan. 1991. “Mother Nature vs. the Walking Encyclopedia” in Philosophy and Connectionist Theory Ramsey, Stich, and Garon. 1991. “Connectionism, Eliminativism, and the Future of Folk Psychology” in Philosophy and Connectionist Theory Clark, Andy. 1991. “In Defense of Explicit Rules” in Philosophy and Connectionist Theory Clark, Andy., 1993, Associative Engines: Connectionism, Concepts, and Representational Change. Buckner, Cameron; Garson, James. 2019. SEP on Connectionism: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/co...
SESSION 3: Could Machines “Understand”? Dennett, Dan. 2017. From Bacteria To Bach: The Evolution of Minds. Chs. 1-6, 8, 12-15. Dennett, Dan. 1996. Kinds of Minds : Toward an Understanding of Consciousness Dennett, Dan. 1992. “Do-It-Yourself Understanding” in Brainchildren Shanahan et al. 2020. “Artificial Intelligence and the Common Sense of Animals” Sara Shettleworth. 2001. "Animal Cognition and Animal Behavior" Albert Newen & Andreas Bartels. 2007. "Animal Minds and the Possession of Concepts” Cambridge Trust Interview with Irene Pepperberg. 2016. “Can Animals Think? What Birds Can Tell Us About Animal Intelligence” : https://youtu.be/Sdo6p5lTL8o?si=OZso1... Seyfarth and Cheney. “The Evolution of Concepts about Agents: Or, What Do Animals Recognize When They Recognize an Individual?” in The Conceptual Mind: New Directions in the Study of Concepts Milliken, Ruth. 2017. Beyond Concepts: Unicepts, Language, and Natural Information. Intro & Chs. 1-3
Ferrucci, David. 2017. “Machines as Thought Partners” : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsyPZ... Mitchell, Melanie. 2019. Artificial intelligence: A Guide For Thinking Humans Moody, Todd. 1993. Philosophy and AI Arkoudas et al. 2014. "Philosophical Foundations" in The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence Robinson, William. 2014. “Philosophical Challenges” in The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence Dreyfus, Hubert. 1979 & 1993. What Computers Still Can’t Do. Intro to the MIT Edition and Intro to Revised Edition UnSiloed Podcast. 2024. “Challenging AI’s Capabilities with Gary Marcus”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjCvL... Noam Chomsky, Gary Marcus, Jeremy Kahn. “Debunking the great AI lie” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBdZi... Perspective David C. Krakauer1 , John W. Krakauer1,2, and Melanie Mitchell1 Sabine Hossenfelder. “I believe chatbots understand part of what they say.” : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5zG... Mahowald et al. 2024 “Dissociating Language and Thought in LLMs” Browning and Lecun. 2022. “AI And The Limits Of Language” : https://www.noemamag.com/ai-and-the-l... Franklin, Stan. 1995. Artificial Minds, chs. 3-7 Pearl, Judea. 2018. The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect (Q175.32.C38 P43 2018). Intro and Ch. 1. Harnad, Stephen. 1990. “The Symbol Grounding Problem” The Gradient Podcast - Stevan Harnad: AI's Symbol Grounding Problem: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeCsJ... Raphaël Millière. 2023. Compositionality in Deep Neural Networks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzS6D... Nick Shea. 2023. The Importance of Logical Reasoning and Its Emergence in Deep Neural Networks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhrZV... Fern, Nicholas. 2024. “MIT gives AI the power to 'reason like humans' by creating hybrid architecture” Hard Fork Podcast on ChatGPT 5 (o1) : https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/20/po... Anthropic’s “Reasoning models don't always say what they think”: Marcus and Davis. 2020. “GPT-3, Bloviator: OpenAI’s language generator has no idea what it’s talking about” Bubeck et al. 2023. “Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4” 2303.08774 (arxiv.org) and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbIk7...
On Connectionism Dennett, Dan. 1984. “The Logical Geography of Computational Approaches: A View from the East Pole” in Brainchildren Dennett, Dan. 1991. “Mother Nature vs. the Walking Encyclopedia” in Philosophy and Connectionist Theory Ramsey, Stich, and Garon. 1991. “Connectionism, Eliminativism, and the Future of Folk Psychology” in Philosophy and Connectionist Theory Clark, Andy. 1991. “In Defense of Explicit Rules” in Philosophy and Connectionist Theory Clark, Andy., 1993, Associative Engines: Connectionism, Concepts, and Representational Change. Buckner, Cameron; Garson, James. 2019. SEP on Connectionism
On Predictive Processing Hohwy, Jakob. 2013. The Predictive Mind Clark, Andy. 2023. The Experience Machine
On Consciousness Nagel, Thomas. 1974. “What Is It Like To Be A Bat” Chalmers, David. 1995. “Facing up to the Problem of Consciousness” Chalmers, David. 2016. On “The Hard Problem of Consciousness” : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5Dfn... Frankish, Keith. “Illusionism as a Theory of Consciousness” : Dennett, Dan. 1991. Consciousness Explained. Blackmore, Susan. 2005. “Mind, Brain, and Consciousness” : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdMA8... Seth, Anil. 2020. Being You: A New Science of Consciousness Seth’s Ted Talk: https://youtu.be/lyu7v7nWzfo?si=YPnS8...
Chalmers, David. 2023. “Could a Large Language Model be Conscious?“ : Seth, Anil. 2023. “Why Conscious AI Is a Bad, Bad Idea“ Roose, Kevin. 2025. NY Times ”If A.I. Systems Become Conscious, Should They Have Rights? “
SESSION 4: Dangers and Benefits of Super-Intelligent Machines AI Uncovered. 2024. “OpenAI reveals new ChatGPT-5 Details”: https://youtu.be/eBydP6duY94?si=Asvhe... Learning with Jojo. 2024. “Unlocking the Potential of AGI: The Benefits of Advanced Artificial Intelligence” : https://youtu.be/sv8CyddHlFA?si=c9qPS... Amodei, Dario. 2024. “Machines of Loving Grace” Heath, Alex. 2024. Sam Altman Lowers the Bar for AGI: NY Times: "Humanity's Last Stand Exam" Carr, Nicholas. 2015. The Glass Cage Carr talk at Google: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt8oo... O’Neil. Cathy. 2017. Weapons of Math Destruction O’Neil Ted talk : https://www.ted.com/talks/cathy_o_nei... Vallen, Mark. 2024. “Gemini: Artificial Intelligence, Danger & Failure” Ford, Martin. 2016. Rise of the Robots Ford, Martin. 2021. Rule of the Robots
Afifi-Sabet, Keumar. 2025. “AGI could now arrive as early as 2026, but not all scientists agree” Kahn, Jeremy. 2024. “A former OpenAI researcher sees a clear path to AGI this decade. Bill Gates disagrees” Roose, Kevin. 2025. “Powerful AI is Coming. We Are Not Ready” NY Times HardFork on AI 2027: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast... Kokotajlo, Alexander, Larsen, Lifland, and Dean. 2025. “AI 2027”
Russell, Stuart. 2020. Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and The Problem of Control. Psych of Tech Institute Interview with Stuart Russell: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzDm9... Stuart Russell “AI: What If We Succeed”: https://youtu.be/z4M6vN31Vc0?si=eQ7Vl... Harris, Sam. “Can We Build AI Without Losing Control” : https://youtu.be/8nt3edWLgIg?si=IuzJP... Sam Harris Podcast with Russell and Marcus. 2023. “The Trouble with AI”: Harris and Suleyman. 2024. “Can We Contain AI?” “Specification Gaming: The Flip Side of AI Ingenuity” Fern, Nicholas. 2024. “‘Master of deception': Current AI models already have the capacity to expertly manipulate and deceive humans” “Chat GPT Deliberately Deceives You! Yuval Yuval Harari on Artificial Intelligence” : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYxzy... HardFork podcast on GPT 01 NY Times review of Empire Of AI
Open AI AGI Levels: https://youtu.be/8nt3edWLgIg?si=IuzJP... Bostrom, Nick. 2012. “The Super Intelligent Will” Bostrum, Nick. 2014. Super-Intelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1976. “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem” Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1985. “The Trolley Problem” Christian, Brian. 2020. The Alignment Problem. Intro, chps. 1, 3, 8-9, Conclusion. Aguera y Arcas, Blaise. 2022. Can machines learn how to behave?" NY Times: ChatGPT outperform doctors in diagnoses: Hard Fork Podcast on doctors: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast... AI in CBT: https://www.news-medical.net/health/A... Google Deepmind predicts weather better Nytimes "Ai Science Lab" Planet Money podcast: AI creates a Podcast: https://www.npr.org/2023/05/25/117829... Nytimes “This Therapist Helped Clients Feel Better. It Was A.I.” : Roose, Kevin. 2025. “For some recent graduates, the AIpocolypse may already be here”: Roose, Kevin. 2025. “This AI Company Wants to Take Your Job”: Axios. 2025.“Behind the Curtain: A White-Collar Bloodbath”: Capps, Robert. 2025. “A.I. Might Take Your Job. Here Are 22 New Ones It Could Give You.” : Locke, Charley. 2025. “How AI Sees Us”:
OTHER READINGS relevant to class not included above Dennett, Dan. 2013. Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking. Parts I, III, IV, VI, VII Dennett, Dan. 1996. “Hofstadter's Quest: A Tale of Cognitive Pursuit” in Brainchildren Dennett, Dan. 1994. “Cognitive Science as Reverse Engineering” in Brainchildren Dennett, Dan. 1988. “When Philosophers Encounter AI” in Brainchildren Dennett, Dan. 1988. “Quining Qualia” in The Nature of Consciousness Denett, Dan. 2003. “Explaining the ‘Magic’ of Consciousness” Vorhees, Burton. 2000. Dennett and the Deep Blue Sea” Strawson, Galen. 2008. “Real Materialism” Chalmers, Dan. 1996. The Conscious Mind Dennett, Dan. 2012. “The Mystery of David Chalmers” Flanagan, Owen 1992. “Conscious Inessentialism and the Epiphenomenalist Suspicion” in The Nature of Consciousness Kripke, Saul. 1980. “The Identity Thesis” in The Nature of Consciousness
Armstrong, David. 1981. “What is Consciousness” in The Nature of Consciousness Lycan, William. 1990. “Consciousness as Internal Monitoring” in The Nature of Consciousness Lew, Stanislav. 1974. “The Princess Ineffable” and Reflections in The Mind’s I Miedaner, Terrell. 1977. “The Soul of Martha, Beast” and Reflections in The Mind’s I Miedaner, Terrell. 1977. “The Soul of Mark III Beast” and Reflections in The Mind’s I Dung, Leonard. 2024. “Is superintelligence necessarily moral?” Dung, Leonard. 2025. “Current Cases of AI Misalignment and Their Implications for Future Risks.” Butlin, P. 2022. “Machine Learning: Functions and Goals.” Muller et al. 2022. “Existential Risk from AI and Orthogonality: Can We Have It Both Ways?” Liao, Matthew. 2020. Introduction to Ethics of AI Railton, Peter. 2020. “Ethical Learning: Natural and Artificial” in Ethics of AI Kam, Francis. 2020. “The Use and Abuse of the Trolley Problem" in Ethics of AI Häggström, Olle. 2019. “Challenges to the Omohundro–Bostrom framework for AI motivations” Miller et al. 2020. “An AGI Modifying Its Utility Function in Violation of the Strong Orthogonality Thesis” Ngo, Chan, and Mindermann. “The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspective”
Buckner, Cameron. 2023. From Deep Learning to Rational Machines. Sapolsky, Robert. Determined: A Science of Life without Free Will, chs. 1-4, 7&8, 11&12. Krakauer, Krakauer, and Mitchell. 2025. “Large Language Models and Emergence: A Complex Systems” Hinton: “We are analogy machines, not reasoning machines”: https://youtu.be/DDAoEDdw4Y8?si=LxxmQ... Hinton. “What is Understanding”: https://youtu.be/6fvXWG9Auyg?si=ioWRK... Somers, James. 2025. “The Case That A.I. Is Thinking:ChatGPT does not have an inner life. Yet it seems to know what it’s talking about.” https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/20...
OTHER READINGS on-going philosophy read this year: Allais, Lucy. 2004. “Kant’s One World: Interpreting Transcendental Idealism” Allais, Lucy. 2015. Manifest Reality: Kant’s Idealism and his Realism. Guyer, Paul. 2016. “Arguing for Transcendental Idealism: Lucy Allais on Manifest Reality” Anderson, Lanier. 2017. “Lucy Allais on Transcendental Idealism” Baiasu and Grier. 2011. “Revolutionary vs. Traditional Approaches to Kant: Some Aspects of the Debate” Baiasu, Sorin. 2011. “Space, Time, and Mind-Dependence” Friedman, Michael. 2013. “Introduction: The Place of The Metaphysical Foundations in the Critical System” from Kant’s Construction of Nature Pippin, Robert. 2024. The Culmination: Heidegger, German Idealism, and The Fate of Philosophy. Chpts. 1-6 & 9.
Pippin, Robert. 2006. “On Becoming Who One Is (And Failing): Proust’s Problematic Selves” in Philosophical Romanticism (B836.5 .P45 2006) Dancy, Jonathan. 1995. “New Truths in Proust?” Virtanen, Reino. 1954. “Proust's Metaphors from the Natural and the Exact Sciences” Hembrough, Tara. 2018. “Proust Configures Time, Space and Memory To Unveil Marcel’s Artistry in Swann’s Way” Pilkington, Anthony Edward. 1976. “Proust” in Bergson and His Influence: A Reassessment (B2430.B43 P54) Gunter, Pete. 1983. “Introduction” to Bergson’s Creative Evolution Beiser, Frederick. 2006. “The Paradox of Romantic Metaphysics” in Philosophical Romanticism (B836.5 .P45 2006)
TO DO Metzinger, Thomas. 2009. The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self. Chs 1-3, 7...more
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