Payal

women compensate for packs built around typically male upper body strength by hyperextending their necks and bringing their shoulders farther forward, leading to injury – and a shorter stride length. https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/other_pub/LoadCarriagePDF.pdf A female scientist studying climate change in Alaska was also plagued by overalls designed for the male body. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/one-more-barrier-faced-by-women-in-science/ the overly large jackets leave female police officers doubly unprotected: they don’t cover them properly and they ‘make it hard for female officers to reach their guns, handcuffs and telescopic batons’. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/25/spain-guardia-civil-sexism-women-bulletproof-jackets nurses are subjected to ‘more acts of violence than police officers or prison guards’. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1048291117732301?journalCode=newa the typical seventy-year-old man has a stronger handgrip than the average twenty-five-year-old woman. https://www.ft.com/content/1d73695a-266b-11e6-8b18-91555f2f4fde a study which compared ‘highly trained female athletes’ to men who were ‘untrained or not specifically trained’ found that their grip strength ‘rarely’ surpassed the fiftieth percentile of male subjects. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750866 if women had the same access to productive resources as men, yields on their farms could increase by up to 30% http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/52011/ A woman cooking on a traditional stove in an unventilated room is exposed to the equivalent of more than a hundred cigarettes a day. https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/building-a-better-stove-the-sri-lanka-experience A 2011 Yemen study found that women who lacked access to water and gas stoves spent 24% of their time engaged in paid work; this rose to around 52% for women who did have access. Petrics et al. (2015) for years medical education has been focused on a male ‘norm’, with everything that falls outside that designated ‘atypical’ or even ‘abnormal’. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/advan.00118.2006 sex-specific information was absent even in sections on topics where sex differences have long been established (such as depression and the effects of alcohol on the body) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761614/ among men and women who smoke the same number of cigarettes, women are 20-70% more likely to develop lung cancer https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ There are sex differences in the fundamental mechanical workings of the heart. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17327578/ Autoimmune diseases affect about 8% of the population,15 but women are three times more likely to develop one, making up about 80% of those affected. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/why-do-autoimmune-diseases-affect-women-more-often-than-men/2016/10/17/3e224db2-8429-11e6-ac72-a29979381495_story.html women develop higher antibody responses and have more frequent and severe adverse reactions to vaccines https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157517/ Sex differences appear even in our cells: in blood-serum biomarkers for autism;[21] in proteins;[22] in immune cells used to convey pain signals;[23] in how cells die following a stroke.[24] ‘cells differ according to sex irrespective of their history of exposure to sex hormones’. https://www.nature.com/articles/500023a According to the FDA, the second most common adverse drug reaction in women is that the drug simply doesn’t work, even though it clearly works in men. Some antidepressants have been found to affect women differently at different times of their cycle, meaning that dosage may be too high at some points and too low at others. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/ Sex differences in animals have been consistently reported for nearly fifty years, and yet a 2007 paper found that 90% of pharmacological articles described male-only studies. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300366/ women had a 76% reduction in heart failure or death and a 76% reduction in death alone from having the advanced pacemaker implanted. But these women would not be given the device under the guidelines. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25090172/ commonly used antihypertensive drugs have been shown to be less beneficial in lowering blood pressure in women than in men. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1550857908000569 ‘The specific effect on women of a huge number of existing medications is simply unknown http://www.genderportal.eu/sites/default/files/resource_pool/Gender%20%26%20Health%20Knowledge%20Agenda_0.pdf despite obvious sex differences, the vast majority of drugs, including anaesthetics and chemotherapeutics,132 continue with gender-neutral dosages,133 which puts women at risk of overdose.134 women from lower socio-economic backgrounds are 25% more likely to suffer a heart attack than men in the same income bracket. https://www.georgeinstitute.org/media-releases/disadvantaged-women-at-greater-risk-of-heart-disease-than-men-0 But women often don’t have obstructed arteries, meaning that the scan won’t show up any abnormalities in case of a heart attack PMS affects 90% of women, but is chronically under-studied: one research round-up found five times as many studies on erectile dysfunction than on PMS. https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/why-do-we-still-not-know-what-causes-pms Associate professor of psychology at UC Berkeley Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton has a cognitive explanation for why we may view Clinton’s ambition as ‘pathological’. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/are-we-born-racist/201010/is-hillary-clinton-pathologically-ambitious recent Ebola and Zika epidemics international health advice did not ‘take into account women’s limited capacity to protect themselves from infection https://theconversation.com/zika-and-ebola-had-a-much-worse-effect-on-women-we-need-more-research-to-address-this-in-future-64868 There is an irony in how the female body is apparently invisible when it comes to collecting data, because when it comes to the second trend that defines women’s lives, the visibility of the female body is key.