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“Gestalt psychologists theorized that the brain does similar things with certain types of puzzles. That is, it sees them as a whole—it constructs an “internal representation”—based on built-in assumptions.”
― Benedict Carey, How We Learn: The Surprising Truth About When, Where, and Why It Happens

“studies show that “deep sleep,” which is concentrated in the first half of the night, is most valuable for retaining hard facts—names, dates, formulas, concepts. If you’re preparing for a test that’s heavy on retention (foreign vocabulary, names and dates, chemical structures), it’s better to hit the sack at your usual time, get that full dose of deep sleep, and roll out of bed early for a quick review.”
― Benedict Carey, How We Learn: The Surprising Truth About When, Where, and Why It Happens

“Zeigarnik’s studies on interruption revealed a couple of the mind’s intrinsic biases, or built-in instincts, when it comes to goals. The first is that the act of starting work on an assignment often gives that job the psychological weight of a goal, even if it’s meaningless. (The people in her studies were doing things like sculpting a dog from a lump of clay, for heaven’s sake; they got nothing out of it but the satisfaction of finishing.) The second is that interrupting yourself when absorbed in an assignment extends its life in memory and—according to her experiments—pushes it to the top of your mental to-do list.”
― Benedict Carey, How We Learn: The Surprising Truth About When, Where, and Why It Happens

“Self-examination can be done at home. When working on guitar, I learn a few bars of a piece, slowly, painstakingly—then try to play it from memory several times in a row. When reading through a difficult scientific paper, I put it down after a couple times through and try to explain to someone what it says. If there’s no one there to listen (or pretend to listen), I say it out loud to myself, trying as hard as I can to quote from the paper its main points. Many teachers have said that you don’t really know a topic until you have to teach it, until you have to make it clear to someone else.”
― Benedict Carey, How We Learn: The Surprising Truth About When, Where, and Why It Happens