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Descartes said “I think, therefore I am” he used the demon story to provide an example of how we cannot tell whether or not we are dreaming. Pascal had an idea now called Pascals Wager. Claiming it will pay off more to just believe that god exists, instead of burn in hell. Spinoza was a determinist—not believing in true free will. He claimed that if God is infinite then God must be everything or “nature.”

Hobbes is very interesting. He had a distrust in humanity and believed that if left without society we would murder and steal all the time. He also believed that the sovereign ruler should provide full control over groups of people in order to bring the best outcome for all. Feels like somewhat of a logical fallacy. How can even a ruler be a good person? He was also a materialist—believing in no soul.

Machiavelli was cynical. His philosophy was centered around the bad qualities of humans. Manipulation sometimes was the only way to guarantee the outcome that he wanted

Anslem claimed through logic that god must exist because if we imagine the most perfect being, there must always exist something greater. Similarly, Aquinas stated that by using reason one can trace back everything through a chain of cause and effects. If you go back far enough, then you are bound to find God. But why is this not a power burst of energy and why must it be an all knowing, all powerful being?

Augustine brought forth the free will defense. Boethius concluded that if god is all knowing, then he must know what actions we are predestined to make, removing our free will. His solution was to claim that God is outside of time altogether, seeing everything at once instead of in sequence like humans.