Status Updates From The Portuguese in West Afri...

"The Afro-Portuguese, together with their slaves and clients, soon became a distinct ethnic group. For the most part black like the local Africans and speaking the Kimbundu language as well as Portuguese, they began to compete for land, slaves and resources with the rulers of the interior."

This group is the most difficult to classify because they looked like black, by acted partly like white.

"The alliance between Portugal and the Kongo had many strands to it, but the adoption of a Christian cult by the ruling elites of the Kongo remains an exceptional example of the creolization of an African rul-ing class taking place without prior conquest by a European power. The Kongolese aristocracy adopted Portuguese names, titles, coats of arms and styles of dress, and imported material goods from Portugal."

Not sure his author understands what creole or creole culture mean.
It doesn't mean mixed folks in the 1400's though. As it's a French word it's not even in use at this time and would originally to white people born in the colonies.
Not a mixing of Portuguese and Ghanian/Kongolese peoples & cultures.
In this time period 'creole' is not referring to Beyonce mama or the beige brigade in general.
Sigh

'In the 1430s, seamen began to raid the undefended villages of the
coast, carrying off women and children and ransoming men of importance '
Hm that doesn't sound like West Africans being sold by their compatriots.
That sounds like West Africans being stolen by rabidly enslaving white europeans.
Hm

'The Italian presence in Portugal led to the spread of Mediterranean expertise in ship design, map making and navigation...'

This is not at all true.
The Portuguese established trade with China. The Chinese taught them how to make and use square sails, magnetic compasses and ahallower bottomed, more easily navigable boats.
The Spanish copy this model for Columbus's 1492 voyage.
This is Chinese tech, yikes

Racist right from the start, 'sold as slaves by their compatriots on the mainland.'
This has never been true.
Enslaved peoples were sold by the traditional enemies of their ancestors, usually neighboring kingdoms.
Also Portugal colonizes Mauritania and sets up a factory for processing enslaved West Africans by 1450.
So they were directly enslaving themselves.
Fuck this racist author.