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Scaffolding:
• Hikers: allowing more time, breaking down steps, extension criteria
• Race cars: in-depth questions about connecting concepts, working with others, complex layered problems, authentic texts, extension projects, AI-differentiated instruction
- p. 28-29

Gauging working memory capacity:
• Excellent: can understand complex explanations & simultaneously take notes
• Average: can take notes but might lose track of challenging material
• Lesser: struggle to take notes & understand simple material simultaneously
• Circumstances (e.g. interest, home conditions) can affect
- p. 25

Education doesn’t change working memory capacity, but instead increases knowledge on long-term memory. - p. 24

Chunks of information — a word, sentence, concept — can get bigger with practice. - p. 23

Strategies for lesser-capacity working memory:
• be brief & linguistically-simple
• students should look at teacher
• one-at-a-time instructions
• instructions on board
• mnemonics
• disregard spelling when writing
- p. 22

In an average class, 20% of the class will have the working memory of a child 3 years above/below their age, 3-6+ pieces of information. - p. 20

Write directions down for students to mitigate limited working memory; 14yos already have adult-sized working memories, twice a 4yo. - p. 19

Jot Recall:
• notes/sketches: without looking at notes/page, jot most important ideas covered; compare & discuss in groups
• spaced repetition: jot stuff they learnt in the previous day/week/month
- p. 12-13

Retrieval practice is drawing ideas from your own mind (e.g. flashcards); students need to be taught this. - p. 8

Test anxiety can be reaching into long-term memory and not finding the studied information. - p. 8

Average working memory holds four items; students can’t increase the items, but can make the balls of information bigger. - p. 7

Varied practice of new foreign words can be using them in different sentences & contexts. - p. 7

Short-term memory only what you’re temporarily holding in your mind (e.g. in your mind’s eye/ear), whereas working memory is also the ability to manipulate that information. - p. 6

Recall (retrieval practice) trumps rereading, highlighting, concept maps. - p. 6

Working memory is a slanted shelf, where balls of information roll off as soon as you let go. - p. 5

Brain’s information storage is a quadrillion bytes — a million billion. - p. 4

Oakley, B., Rogowsky, B., & Sejnowski, T. (2021). Uncommon sense teaching: Practical insights in brain science to help students learn. New York: TarcherPerigee.