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The “money doctor”prescribing these loans for “sick nations “ was Princeton economist Edwin Kemmerer who had studied at Wesleyan where W.O. Atwater conducted the calorimeter experiments (the record-setting one Kemmerer witnessed) and where U.S. PMG William L. Wilson inspiring visiting lecture on public service. K then developed the logic of the calorimeter into a system of inter’l financial governance.

“Controlled loans” - issued by American banks and backed by the federal government (State Dept + SCOTUS) were “the American cure” for Latin American & Caribbean countries willing to take cash packaged with obligatory oversight and reforms from Washington.