Sarah’s Reviews > Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know > Status Update

Building a career requires novel thinking and re-thinking, so classrooms that prioritize drafts, revisions, and feedback lead to stronger student outcomes.

Depolarize by showcasing complexity of a topic to override binary bias, encourage rethinking.
- skeptics: healthy scientific stance; ask critical questions; update thinking when new info comes in
- complexity is a signal of credibility: when a speaker expresses doubt -> more persuasive
- ask “how” to reduce polarization
- encourage & allow for a range of feelings - avoid binary bias

Motivational interviewing: help people find their own reason to change, humility & curiosity, ask questions like a scientist and “guide others to self-discovery”.
- Sustain talk: commentary about maintaining the status quo
- Change talk: refers to a desire, ability, need, commitment to make adjustments
- “if you present info without permission, no one will listen”

Successful debates:
- select a few strong arguments (too many arguments can dilute efficacy)
- concede when someone makes a good point
- ask “what evidence would change your mind?”
- when other side gets angry -> get curious
- acknowledge legitimate weaknesses

Rethinking cycle:
1. Humility
2. Doubt
3. Curiosity
4. Discovery

Confident humility: have faith in my capability while appreciating I may not have the right solution nor addressing the right problem

Confidence: ability to achieve goal while questioning if I have the right tools in the present

Scientist: seeking truth
1. Run experiments
2. Test hypotheses
3. Ask “what might I be missing?” and “where might I be wrong?”

Mindsets that can lead us astray:
1. Preacher: sacred beliefs are in jeopardy -> deliver sermons to protect ideal
2. Prosecutor: recognize someone else is wrong & “marshal arguments” to win our case
3. Politician: seek to win over an audience