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Carlos  Wang
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共和部分算是老生常談,移民包容主義跟尚武的風氣促成了羅馬的興起。
非職業化的公民兵在早期的城邦之間,或者是與部落民的戰爭中,尚能應付。面對迦太基以傭兵跟漢尼拔這些職業軍人,就捉襟見肘。為了與之對抗,羅馬也不得不轉型,於是就開始嘗到了“軍閥的惡果”。

這種狀況我過去就連想到了唐朝的藩鎮跟五代十國的武夫當國。要保持軍隊的活力跟避免失控,放諸世界都是一個難題。

奧古斯都把所有軍團整合到自己麾下,成為唯一的那個頭子,無疑的,羅馬帝國是個軍事獨裁政權。作者指出一個有趣的觀點,他說,軍團的士兵就此成了一個特殊的階級團體,他們也許未必真的是連結成一塊,但確實在社會中享有特殊的地位與權力,特別是三世紀之後的動盪,安重榮說:「天子寧有種邪?兵強馬壯者為之爾!」在羅馬帝國也適用。這個群體變成了整個社會中凸出的部分。不過,隨著軍團士兵的“在地化”,跟“蠻族化”,它們彼此間的關係也變得更加複雜。雖然有著共同的軍人身分,但利益卻未必一致,甚至是對立。
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罗马与剑:战士和武器如何塑造罗马历史

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