Status Updates From China Marches West: The Qin...

right the use of term unification (tongyi) and never conquest (Zhengqu) is still used today, and all over, there is this constant claim of china splitting and unifying over and over. That is very nationalistic and kind of interesting how this seems to be the lasting legacy of the Qianlong emperor.

oh right, the downplaying of the uniqueness of the Qing and claiming they are an extension of prior "Chinese" regimes. But their expansion was a sharp break with what the Ming did. Ironically, the Qing under Qianlong started this and that legacy is with us today. And by that Wei Yuan made 2 grave "errors:"
saying Taiwan is not a part of china from ancient times
favoring repression of popular rebellion

I still wonder why western views of "China" changed in the late 18th century from admiration to contempt. What triggered this turn to the image of the sick man of Asia?

True, western scholars tend to exaggerate foreign influence on thinkers like Wei Yuan and more.

What the Qianlong emperor wrote about the Zunghar sound like typical racist justification of extermination. And naturally he portrayed himself as the good guy. Sadly his example and how he got away with is all too common in history. As is the conflicting interpretation.

So his use of massacre for ethnic extermination was definitely only restricted to the Zunghar, has been almost completely ignored by modern scholars, were atypical for Qing policy and more typical of the central eurasian practice, but even there it was usually only the young warriors who resisted, the surrendered ones could keep their tribal identity or marry the victors because the tribe needed people.

The Qianlong emperor is getting more radical, he constantly says that the Zunghar should be exterminated. First still sparing the old and weak, but not later. He ordered starvation tactics, the zunghar that were made slaves and bondservants could not preserve their tribal identity (names, titles etc.) so that does count as genocide. In fact he punished commanders who were too lenient.

One official being condemned to death for criticizing the emperor and another for saying money was wasted on troops. Sure both were pardoned but come on.

Not going to lie, this book can be quite longwinded. I am still at the conquests of the Kangxi emperor and I am thinking of stopping this book.

Interesting thought. I never considered execution to be a ritual with proper eticette as well. And it makes sense that it has a religious aspect here as the total destruction of Galdan's remains were to also eliminate his spirit from the world. And boy, even the executions and punishments mentioned sound brutal.

Of course the Kangxi emperor has his victory written as some great feat that no one before could have done. He claimed to have pacified the border and exterminated the mongol threat.

Of course nationalists on both sides now claim the treaty between russia and fhe qing were unequal. Russians claim them to be forced on a weakened russia empire by aggressive Manchu expansion. Chinese regard the russians as aggressive imperialists who signed treatues but continued to give significant aid to the mongol state and most recently that it was uneqzal becuase china gave up parts of eastern siberia.

Wow, starving soldiers and horses really don't sound like great military campaigns by the Kangxi emperor, the guy seems to have been a clever politician though, albeit he did have most of his generals etc whipped and imprisoned for his failings.

there was a secular rulership in Tibet because the old dalai lama was dead and a new one was not yet named. And apparently among the mongols support from the lama was necessary for the khan. Makes me wonder how much power the lama has.

so while the Manchu rulers married mongol women, the coimmoners on both sides were kept rigidly segregated and intermarriage was banned. And this seems to have been present even before they conquered the Ming.

So this was one of the reasons those chinese near the border sided with the manchus, corruption by the ming officials. And I do wonder how the manchu rulers before the conquest planned to feed their more centralized society when manchuria could not support it.

Well, we are at the rise of the manchus now, so lets see how that goes. The prior chapter about the muscovite/Tsar expansion and how they interacted with the mongol tribes was interesting.

So chinese rulers and soldiers considered Mongols an alien race and often explicitly compared them to animals. Good to know.

So the lands of Siberia were once some sort promised land and now they are a just what it is often associated with today: A place for exiles and far far away.