Status Updates From Representing and Intervenin...

engineering, not theorizing is the best proof of scientific realism
borrowing Marx's ideology: the point is not to understand but to change. quite iffy.

Francis Bacon surprisingly has a view that matches mine.
Bacon - exp. are sometimes are decisive on competing theories, in contrast with modern view where it is considered to be decisive
detailed history of michelson-morley (MM) exp. It's not one exp. A series of experiments 1881-1935
MM was a degenerating research programme by Lakatos's definition

Van Frassen, measurement as continuation of theory
Cavendish's measurement of G did not advance gravity
P Duhem - constants of nature as artifacts of mathematics
Popper - measurements to test theories
Kuhn - measurements accumulate anomalies that guide research even during crises

creation of phenomena
difference between phenomena and effect
phenomena involves just observing and not intervening
while effect seem to involve intervening and repeatability
phenomena are often created by articulation of theories. example: josephson effect which only came to be observable after the theory articulation

theory <=> speculation
calculation => Kuhn's articulation (both theory and exp) in normal science => mathematical alteration of a speculation to bring it closer to the world
calculation => semantic bridge between theory and observation
calculation <=> model
approximation is an example of model
approx can be away from and towards the truth
Cartwright - theory has no truth. approx do

are we seeing with/through a microscope (mu)
Ernst Abbe - works on resolution of mu by understanding the physics of diffraction
mu maps interaction of constituent stuffs. could be based light, electrons or anything
the confidence in the reality of the observed comes when you observe identical maps using different physics systems, combined with understanding
theory is needed to build a mu, not for using it

Trying to reduce observation to language. Talk about the way we talk about obs, and not obs itself
grover maxwell denies the distinction between theory and obs, as it's often a limitation in tech.
obs != exp
feyerabend: obs is theory loaded
sometimes the lack of theory encourages more obs. heat radiation and colours in Herschel's case
shapere: theory loaded obs to understand smthg else that is independant

theory does not have precede exp
glorification of theory over exp. originated from class differences dating back to greeks
interesting stories of Ampere being the Newton of electricity
steam engine history: Newcomen, Watt, Trevithick and Sadi Carnot

realism as representation (rep)
people make reps. reps define humans.
in contra with humans rationals, rationality is linguistic. language is a product of boredom. indexical language at first, only then descriptive
rep before reality. judging of reps -> reality
no truth in physics, only a barrage of instructive reps
transition to reality as intervention
real => what can be used to intervene and what can affect us

Lakatos's disagrees with Kuhn's qualification of science as mob mentality

research programme: progressive and degenerating one

Objective knowledge resides in 3rd world of reality: 1st is actual reality, 2nd is a part of 1st is the world of consciousness and the 3rd is part of 2nd that can be put in words

Lakotos rationality doesn't really give a strategy to appraise theories. Feyerabend being its colourful critic

the most difficult chapter to follow so far
metaphysical realism (external): correspondence between words and external things vs internal realism: objects makes sense only within a theory
transcendentalism : through human mind
Kant's transcendental idealism (existence) <=> empirical realism
Kuhn's and Putnam's transcendental nominalism (classification)

Putnam defined meaning on 4 notions : syntactic (grammar), semantic (category), stereotype, reference and extension

The reference-extension inclusion allows two competing, successive theories differ by stereotype, but maintain the same reference, allowing comparison, circumventing Kuhn's meaning-incommensurability

Doesn't apply to branching of meaning, meaning of non-real entities

Incommensurability
Meaning no common measure. highest common divisor concept in Greek

Three forms of incommensurability
Topic, dissociation and meaning commensurability

Meaning incommensurability is the one most people focus as it received the most resistance and it's the most novel.

Daudeley shapere - enough commonality exists to make comparisons possible. Such are done without invoking meaning.